Development of a Material Constitutive Model and Simulation Technique to Predict Nonlinearities in Piezoelectric Materials under Weak Electric Fields

2017 ◽  
pp. 271-303
Author(s):  
M. K. Samal
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Ferroelectric Ceramics ◽  
Rayleigh Law ◽  
Model And Simulation ◽  
Near Resonance

Piezoceramic materials exhibit different types of nonlinearities depending upon the magnitude of the mechanical and electric field strength in the continuum. Some of the nonlinearities observed under weak electric fields are: presence of superharmonics in the response spectra and jump phenomena etc. especially if the system is excited near resonance. It has also been observed by many researchers that, at weak alternating stress fields, the relationship between the piezoelectrically induced charge and applied stress in ferroelectric ceramics, has the same form as the Rayleigh law (for magnetization versus magnetic field) in ferromagnetic materials. Applicability of the Rayleigh law to the piezoelectric effect has been demonstrated for Lead Zirconate Titanate ceramics by many researchers and their experimental results indicate that the dominant mechanism responsible for piezoelectric hysteresis and the dependence of the piezoelectric coefficient on the applied alternating stress is the pinning of non-180° domain walls. In this chapter, the Rayleigh law for ferromagnetic hysteresis has been modified and incorporated in a nonlinear electric enthalpy function and then applied in the analysis of hysteresis behavior of piezoelectric continua. Analytical solutions have been derived for a cantilever beam actuated by two piezo-patches attached to the top and bottom of the beam and excited by opposite electric fields. Analysis has been carried out at different electric field excitations of varying amplitude and frequencies and the results have been compared with the available experimental results from literature.

Crack tip 90° domain switching in tetragonal lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate under an electric field

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 2940-2944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Fang ◽  
Wei Yang ◽  
Ting Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Powder Processing ◽  
Domain Switching ◽  
Crack Tip ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Ferroelectric Ceramics ◽  
Zirconate Titanate

Lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate ferroelectric ceramics (Pb0.96La0.04)(Zr0.40Ti0.60)0.99O3 were synthesized by the conventional powder processing technique. X-ray diffraction experiments revealed that the samples belong to the tetragonal phase with a = b = 0.4055 nm, c = 0.4109 nm, and c/a = 1.013. After being poled, the samples were indented with a 5-kg Vickers indenter, and lateral electric fields of 0.4 Ec, 0.5 Ec, and 0.6 Ec (Ec = 1100 V/mm) were applied, respectively. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy showed that 90° domain switching appeared near the tip of the indentation crack under a lateral electric field of 0.6 Ec. A mechanism of 90° domain switching near the crack tip under an electric field is discussed.

scholarly journals Domain Diversity and Polarization Switching in Amino Acid β-Glycine

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Vasileva ◽  
Semen Vasilev ◽  
Andrei L. Kholkin ◽  
Vladimir Ya. Shur
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Domain Structure ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Polarization Switching ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Crystallographic Structure ◽  
Processing Temperature ◽  
Sensors And Actuators

Piezoelectric materials based on lead zirconate titanate are widely used in sensors and actuators. However, their application is limited because of high processing temperature, brittleness, lack of conformal deposition and, more importantly, intrinsic incompatibility with biological environments. Recent studies on bioorganic piezoelectrics have demonstrated their potential in these applications, essentially due to using the same building blocks as those used by nature. In this work, we used piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) to study the domain structures and polarization reversal in the smallest amino acid glycine, which recently attracted a lot of attention due to its strong shear piezoelectric activity. In this uniaxial ferroelectric, a diverse domain structure that includes both 180° and charged domain walls was observed, as well as domain wall kinks related to peculiar growth and crystallographic structure of this material. Local polarization switching was studied by applying a bias voltage to the PFM tip, and the possibility to control the resulting domain structure was demonstrated. This study has shown that the as-grown domain structure and changes in the electric field in glycine are qualitatively similar to those found in the uniaxial inorganic ferroelectrics.

scholarly journals Polarizability of electrically induced magnetic vortex “atoms”

2018 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 07003
Author(s):  
P.I. Karpov ◽  
S.I. Mukhin
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Topological Defects ◽  
Magnetic Vortex ◽  
Distribution Profile ◽  
Magnetic Structures ◽  
Magnetic Vortices ◽  
Vortex Density ◽  
Magnetoelectric Materials

Electric field control of magnetic structures, particularly topological defects in magnetoelectric materials, draws a great attention, which has led to experimental success in creation and manipulation of single magnetic defects, such as skyrmions and domain walls. In this work we explore a scenario of electric field creation of another type of topological defects – magnetic vortices and antivortices. Because of interaction of magnetic and electric subsystems each magnetic vortex (antivortex) in magnetoelectric materials possesses quantized magnetic charge, responsible for interaction between vortices, and electric charge that couples them to electric field. This property of magnetic vortices makes possible their creation by electric fields. We show that the electric field, created by a cantilever tip, produces a “magnetic atom” with a localized spot of ordered vortices (“nucleus” of the atom) surrounded by antivortices (“electronic shells”). We analytically find the vortex density distribution profile and temperature dependence of polarizability of this structure and confirm it numerically by Monte Carlo simulation.

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Piezoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting Applications

2014 ◽  
Vol 792 ◽  
pp. 54-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin B. Haskins ◽  
Alper Kinaci ◽  
Tahir Çağın
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Md Simulations ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Hysteretic Behavior ◽  
Saturated Polarization ◽  
Phase Transition Temperatures ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

The previously proposed polarizable charge equilibrium (PQEq) force field model is parameterized for studying lead titanate (PT), lead zirconate (PZ), and their alloys: lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Several molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to assess the degree of accuracy of the model. The phase transition temperatures, which are generally inaccurate in MD, are shown to be similar to experimental measurements. Also, the calculation of the ferroelectric hysteretic behavior, including the spontaneous polarization, saturated polarization and coercive fields, with extended MD is shown to give a qualitatively correct comparison between PT and PZT. The accuracy of the electronic properties in PQEq leads to direct application to a range of interesting problems such as enhanced properties of piezo- and ferro-electric nanostructures and the kinetics of domain walls in these materials.

Electro-optic phenomena

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Newnham
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Ferroelectric Ceramics ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Lead Lanthanum Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Lanthanum Zirconate ◽  
The Third ◽  
Electro Optic

Optical beams can be controlled by manipulating the refractive indices and absorption coefficients with applied electric fields. In communication systems electro-optic effects are used in phase and amplitude modulation, in beam deflectors, and in tunable filters. Three such effects are illustrated in Fig. 28.1. Lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) is a transparent electroceramic that can be prepared in several different ferroelectric forms with large electro-optic coefficients. When prepared in a normal ferroelectric form it can be used in two different ways. A light-tunable shutter is constructed by coating a multidomain ceramic of PLZT with a photoconducting layer and transparent electrodes. A bias voltage on the electrodes is transferred to the ceramic when the photoconductor is illuminated. The electric field alters the domain structure and the degree of light scattering, controlling the intensity of light. Fully poled ferroelectric ceramics exhibit the linear electro-optic effect Using planar electrodes the PLZT is poled perpendicular to the optical beam. Polarizer and analyzer are positioned in the ±45◦ positions, and light intensity is controlled by altering the birefringence with an electric field. The third experiment utilizes a pseudo-cubic PLZT composition with a large quadratic electro-optic effect. No poling is required in this case. With polarizer and analyzer again in the ±45◦ positions, the transmitted light intensity is proportional to E2 rather than E. Linear and quadratic electro-optic coefficients are defined in terms of the fieldinduced changes in the optical indicatrix: . . . Bij(E) − Bij(0) = Δ

Modeling of electric field induced texture in lead zirconate titanate ceramics

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 2306-2313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Wan ◽  
Keith Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Interaction Energy ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Domain Switching ◽  
Texture Evolution ◽  
Threshold Energy ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Ferroelectric Ceramics ◽  
Domain Orientation ◽  
Zirconate Titanate

Preferred domain orientation of a piezoelectric ceramic develops through domain switching under electric poling. In previous investigations the critical free energy required for domain switching has been assumed as a constant. This assumption leads to overestimation of the poling-induced texture and provides no explanation for the switching reversal in ferroelectric ceramics after the poling field is removed. In this paper, the contribution of intergranular stress to critical energy for 90° domain switching is investigated. A criterion including intrinsic threshold energy and an interaction energy, which is related to the intergranular stress and the intergranular depolarization field, is proposed. The texture evolution during poling process is simulated using a computational model starting from an initial random domain orientation distribution. The resulted domain orientation distributions under and after poling are predicted. The remanent domain switching after poling is the result of the balance between the interaction energy and intrinsic threshold energy. The final texture is much weaker than that under the electric field. Pole figures of poled Navy VI lead zirconate titanate measured by x-ray diffraction are consistent with the predicted textures.

Development of Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials Using Domain Wall Engineering

2006 ◽  
Vol 320 ◽  
pp. 151-154
Author(s):  
Satoshi Wada ◽  
Koichi Yako ◽  
Tomomitsu Muraishi ◽  
Hirofumi Kakemoto ◽  
Takaaki Tsurumi
Keyword(s):  
Barium Titanate ◽  
Domain Wall ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Applied Electric Field ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Domain Size ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Gradient Domain

For the [111] oriented barium titanate (BaTiO3) single crystals, the patterning electrode was applied to induce the finer engineered domain configurations with domain size of 3 2m. The poling treatment was performed at 134 °C under electric fields below 6 kV/cm to inhibit the burning of the patterning electrode with photoresist. As the results, the gradient domain sizes from 3 to 8-9 2m were induced into the 31 resonator. The d31 was measured at -243.2 pC/N, and this value was almost 70 % of the expected d31 of –337.7 pC/N for the resonator with domain size of 3 2m. This difference was originated from lower applied electric field below 6 kV/cm. However, this study was revealed that the patterning electrode was very powerful tool to induce much finer domain sizes below 5 2m.

scholarly journals Dielectrophoresis Structurization of PZT/PDMS Micro-Composite for Elastronic Function: Towards Dielectric and Piezoelectric Enhancement

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4071
Author(s):  
Giulia D’Ambrogio ◽  
Omar Zahhaf ◽  
Minh-Quyen Le ◽  
Jean-Fabien Capsal ◽  
Pierre-Jean Cottinet
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Ferroelectric Ceramics ◽  
Energy Harvesters ◽  
Preferred Direction ◽  
Flexible Material ◽  
Application Fields

Piezoelectric materials have been used for decades in the field of sensors as transducers and energy harvesters. Among these, piezoelectric composites are emerging being extremely advantageous in terms of production, costs, and versatility. However, the piezoelectric performances of a composite with randomly dispersed filler are not comparable with bulk ferroelectric ceramics and electroactive polymers. In order to achieve highly performing and low-cost materials, this work aims to develop flexible composites made of Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) filler in Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix, with a specific internal structure called quasi-1–3 connectivity. Such a structure, comprising particles arranged in columns along a preferred direction, is performed through dielectrophoresis by applying an alternating electric field on the composite before and during the polymerization. The developed flexible material could be introduced into complex structures in various application fields, as sensors for structural monitoring.

Piezoelectricity

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Newnham
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Coordinate System ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Piezoelectric Effect ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Mechanical Strain ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Quartz Crystals ◽  
Rank Tensor

The prefix “piezo” (pronounced pie-ease-o) comes from the Greek word for pressure or mechanical force. Piezoelectricity refers to the linear coupling between mechanical stress and electric polarization (the direct piezoelectric effect) or between mechanical strain and applied electric field (the converse piezoelectric effect). The equivalence between the direct and converse effects was established earlier using thermodynamic arguments (Section 6.2). The principal piezoelectric coefficient, d, relates polarization, P, to stress, X, in the direct effect (P = dX) and strain, x, to electric field E (x = dE). Thus the units of d are [C/N] or [m/V] which are equivalent to one another. Typical sizes for useful piezoelectric materials range from about 1 pC/N for quartz crystals to about 1000 pC/N for PZT (lead zirconate titanate) ceramics. To understand how the piezoelectric effect varies with direction and how it is affected by symmetry, it is necessary to determine how piezoelectric coefficients transform between coordinate systems. Since polarization is a vector and stress a second rank tensor, the physical property relating these two variables must involve three directions: . . . Pj = djklXkl . . . . In the new coordinate system . . . P'i = aijPj = aijdjklXkl . . . . Transforming the stress to the new coordinate system gives . . . P'i= aijdjklamkanlX'mn = d'imnX 'mn. . . . Thus piezoelectricity transforms as a polar third rank tensor. . . . d'imn = aijamkanldjkl . . . . In general there are 33 = 27 tensor components, but because the stress tensor is symmetric (Xij = Xji), only 18 of the components are independent. Therefore the piezoelectric effect can be described by a 6 × 3 matrix.

Development of Aluminum Nitride/Platinum Stack Structures for an Enhanced Piezoelectric Response

2006 ◽  
Vol 955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Kabulski ◽  
John Harman ◽  
Parviz Famouri ◽  
Dimitris Korakakis
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Nitride ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Piezoelectric Coefficient ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Metal Layer ◽  
Laser Doppler Vibrometer ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Piezoelectric Response ◽  
High Electric Fields

ABSTRACTAluminum nitride (AlN) films are being investigated for piezoelectric and high temperature applications, but the piezoelectric response is still much lower than that of more common piezoelectric materials such as lead zirconate titanate or zinc oxide. A method of maximizing the piezoelectric response of aluminum nitride has been explored by depositing stack structures composed of aluminum nitride and platinum. These stack structures were created by depositing a thin, ∼50nm, metal layer in between thicker, ∼150-350nm, layers of the piezoelectric film. Platinum was chosen as the metal interlayer due to the tendency of AlN to become highly c-oriented when deposited on Pt. An electric field was applied across the structure and displacements were measured using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer. A maximum piezoelectric coefficient d33 was found to be over two times larger than the theoretical value for AlN (3.9pm/V). However, some of the stack structures were found to be conductive when measuring the displacement. I-V measurements as well as Fowler-Nordheim theory and plots were applied to investigate tunneling due to high electric fields in the structures.

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