Exogenous Factors May Differentially Influence the Selective Costs of mtDNA Mutations

2018 ◽  
pp. 51-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen C. Aw ◽  
Michael R. Garvin ◽  
J. William O. Ballard
Keyword(s):  
Mtdna Mutations ◽  
Exogenous Factors

scholarly journals DNA repair and mutagenesis in vertebrate mitochondria: evidence for the asymmetric DNA strand inheritance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bakhyt Matkarimov ◽  
Murat K. Saparbaev
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Dna Damages ◽  
Mtdna Mutations ◽  
Age Related ◽  
D Loop ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Dna Strand ◽  
Cellular Dna ◽  
Heavy Strand ◽  
Orientation Bias

A variety of endogenous and exogenous factors induce chemical and structural alterations to cellular DNA, as well as errors occurring throughout DNA synthesis. These DNA damages are cytotoxic, miscoding, or both, and are believed to be at the origin of cancer and other age related diseases. A human cell, in addition to nuclear DNA, contains thousands copies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), a double-stranded, circular molecule of 16,569 bp. It was proposed that mtDNA is a critical target for reactive oxygen species (ROS), by-products of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), generated in the organelle during aerobic respiration. Indeed, oxidative damage to mtDNA are more extensive and persistent as compared to that of nuclear DNA. Although, transversions are the hallmarks of mutations induced by ROS, paradoxically, the majority of mtDNA mutations that occurred during ageing and cancer are transitions. Furthermore, these mutations exhibit a striking strand orientation bias: T→C/G→A transitions preferentially occur on the Light strand, whereas C→T/A→G on the Heavy strand of mtDNA. Here, we propose that the majority of mtDNA progenies, created after multiple rounds of DNA replication, are derived from the Heavy strand only, due to asymmetric replication of the DNA strand anchored to inner membrane via D-loop structure.

POLICY CHANGE – THE ROLE OF IDEAS AND POLICY ENTREPRENEURS

2018 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Arwanto Arwanto ◽  
Wike Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Policy Entrepreneurs ◽  
Multiple Streams ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Problem Framing ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Understanding policy process involves many distinctive approaches. The most common are institutional, groups or networks, exogenous factors, rational actors, and idea-based approach. This paper discussed the idea-based approach to explain policy process, in this case policy change. It aims to analyse how ideas could assist people to understand policy change. What role do they play and why are they considered as fundamental element? It considers that ideas are belong to every policy actor, whether it is individual or institution. In order to answer these questions, this paper adopts Kingdon’s multi streams approach to analyse academic literatures. Through this approach, the relationship between ideas and policy change can be seen clearer. Ideas only can affect in policy change if it is agreed and accepted by policy makers. Therefore the receptivity of ideas plays significant role and it emerges policy entrepreneurs. They promote ideas (through problem framing, timing, and narrative construction) and manipulate in order to ensure the receptivity of ideas. Although policy entrepreneurs play significant role, political aspects remains the most important element in the policy process. Keywords: policy change, ideas, idea-based approach, Kingdon’s multiple streams, policy entrepreneurs.

Der Einfluss familialer Merkmale auf den Entwicklungsprozess vom Fussballtalent zum Spitzenspieler

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Maximum Performance ◽  
Adult Level ◽  
Strong Affinity ◽  
Youth Football ◽  
Football Team ◽  
The Family ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Level Performance

The process by which young talents develop to become top-class players once they reach the age of maximum performance is influenced by numerous factors. Among the exogenous factors, the family plays a central role. In the context of a research project carried out in cooperation with the Swiss Football Association SFV, 159 former members of the national youth football team were interviewed retrospectively, among other things concerning their family circumstances. The study is interested in understanding two issues: 1) It examines which family conditions – compared with average Swiss families – lead to success in adolescence (nomination for a national youth team). 2) Since success in adolescence by no means guarantees top-level performance at the age of maximum performance, the heterogeneity of the sample’s adult level of performance is used to compare players who later achieve greater success to the less successful players. It is found that these players come from families with many chil-dren and a strong affinity to sports. Those players who are particularly successful at the age of maximum performance also felt they received more support from their parents and siblings during childhood and adolescence than the players who went on to be less successful.

Exogenous Factors for Order Arrivals on the Intraday Electricity Market

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Kramer ◽  
Ruediger Kiesel
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Market ◽  
Exogenous Factors

Mutations of mtDNA in some vascular and metabolic diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita A. Sazonova ◽  
Anastasia I. Ryzhkova ◽  
Vasily V. Sinyov ◽  
Marina D. Sazonova ◽  
Tatiana V. Kirichenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Mtdna Mutations

Background: The present review article considers some chronic diseases of vascular and metabolic genesis, the causes of which may be mitochondrial dysfunction. Very often, in the long course of the disease, complications may occur, leading to myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke and as a result, death.In particular, a large percentage of human deaths nowadays belongs to cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease (CHD), arterial hypertension, cardiomyopathies and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objective: The aim of the present review was the analysis of literature sources, devoted to an investigation of a link of mitochondrial DNA mutations with chronic diseases of vascular and metabolic genesis, Results: The analysis of literature indicates the association of the mitochondrial genome mutations with coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and various types of cardiomyopathies. Conclusion: The detected mutations can be used to analyze the predisposition to chronic diseases of vascular and metabolic genesis. They can also be used to create molecular-cell models necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of drugs developed for treatment of these pathologies. MtDNA mutations associated withthe absence of diseases of vascular and metabolic genesis could be potential candidates for gene therapy of diseases of vascular and metabolic genesis.

Do mitochondrial DNA mutations play the key role in chronification of sterile inflammation? Special focus on atherosclerosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander N. Orekhov ◽  
Elena V. Gerasimova ◽  
Vasily N. Sukhorukov ◽  
Anastasia V. Poznyak ◽  
Nikita G. Nikiforov
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesion ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Sterile Inflammation ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunctions ◽  
Mtdna Mutations ◽  
Dna Mutations

Background: The elucidation of mechanisms implicated in the chronification of inflammation is able to shed the light on the pathogenesis of disorders that are responsible for the majority of the incidence of disease and deaths, and also causes of ageing. Atherosclerosis is an example of the most significant inflammatory pathology. The inflammatory response of innate immunity is implicated in the development of atherosclerosis arising locally or focally. Modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was regarded as the trigger for this response. No atherosclerotic changes in the arterial wall occur due to the quick decrease in inflammation rate. Nonetheless, the atherosclerotic lesion formation can be a result of the chronification of local inflammation, which, in turn, is caused by alteration of the response of innate immunity. Objective: In this review, we discussed potential mechanisms of the altered response of the immunity in atherosclerosis with a particular emphasis on mitochondrial dysfunctions. Conclusion: A few mitochondrial dysfunctions can be caused by the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. Moreover, mtDNA mutations were found to affect the development of defective mitophagy. Modern investigations have demonstrated the controlling mitophagy function in the response of the immune system. Therefore, we hypothesized that impaired mitophagy, as a consequence of mutations in mtDNA, can raise a disturbed innate immunity response resulting in the chronification of inflammation in atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals Behind an Accelerated Scientific Research Career: Dynamic Interplay of Endogenous and Exogenous Forces in Talent Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
David Yun Dai ◽  
Xian (Stella) Li
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Talent Development ◽  
Early College ◽  
Research Career ◽  
Learning And Development ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

This study looks at the educational experiences, from the preschool years to advanced professional training in STEM fields, of a targeted sample of 10 (7 male, 3 female) early college entrants in China who later became professors at prestigious USA research universities. The purpose of the study was to find out (1) what some identifiable endogenous factors were about these individuals that facilitated the success of their accelerated learning and development; (2) what kinds of exogenous factors (e.g., environmental opportunities, resources, support) they experienced from childhood to adulthood that enhanced the successful acceleration experience; and (3) how these endogenous and exogenous factors facilitated their developmental transitions every step of the way, especially from the role of a student to that of an aspiring scientist. These questions are addressed in light of evolving complexity theory. Retrospective interviews were used for data collection. Thematic analysis of the codes from interview data yielded a conceptual map. A distinct set of endogenous and exogenous factors at different developmental junctures were identified, and their dynamic interplay was delineated to account for accelerated trajectories toward a scientific research career. The theoretical significance and practical implications of the study for talent development in science are discussed.

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