Isolation and Analysis of MicroRNAs from Extracellular Vesicles of the Parasitic Model Nematodes Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Trichuris muris

2021 ◽  
pp. 319-332
Author(s):  
Ramon M. Eichenberger
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Trichuris Muris

Host–parasite interactions in rodent nematode infections

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.R. Mahida
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Trichuris Muris ◽  
Epithelial Phenotype ◽  
Worm Expulsion ◽  
Genetically Manipulated ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractIn rodents,Trichinella spiralisandNippostrongylus brasiliensisinfect the small intestine andTrichuris murisresides in the colon. The intestinal host response in these animals is characterized by changes in mucosal architecture and inflammation and is associated with worm expulsion. The requirement of T cell-mediated host response in worm expulsion has been demonstrated over many years. Subsequent studies have shown that Th2-type, but not Th1-type, responses mediate resistance to the nematodes. Investigations using neutralizing antibodies and genetically manipulated mice have characterized the contribution of individual Th2-type cytokines in not only worm expulsion, but also specific cellular changes that occur in the mucosa, such as alterations in epithelial phenotype and smooth muscle. There is also increasing appreciation of the contribution of non-bone marrow-derived cells in innate and adaptive host responses in these models.

scholarly journals Characterization of Trichuris muris secreted proteins and extracellular vesicles provides new insights into host–parasite communication

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1428004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon M. Eichenberger ◽  
Md Hasanuzzaman Talukder ◽  
Matthew A. Field ◽  
Phurpa Wangchuk ◽  
Paul Giacomin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Trichuris Muris ◽  
Host Parasite

scholarly journals Research Note. Occurrence of gastrointestinal helminths in commensal rodents from Tabasco, Mexico

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Cigarroa-Toledo ◽  
Y. De Los Santos-Martinez ◽  
C. V. Zaragoza-Vera ◽  
M. M. Garcia-Rodriguez ◽  
C. M. Baak-Baak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Helminths ◽  
Trichuris Muris ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Syphacia Muris ◽  
Commensal Rodents ◽  
Syphacia Obvelata ◽  
Moniliformis Moniliformis

Summary The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and species composition of helminths in commensal rodents captured inside private residences in the city of Villahermosa in Tabasco, Mexico. Trapping was performed at each house for three consecutive nights from October to December 2015. Fifty commensal rodents were captured: 23 Rattus norvegicus, 16 Mus musculus and 11 Rattus rattus. Rodents were transported alive to the laboratory and held in cages until they defecated. Feces were analyzed for helminth eggs using the Sheather’s flotation technique. The overall prevalence of helminths in rodents was 60 %: R. norvegicus was more likely to be parasitized (87.0 %) than R. rattus (63.6 %) and M. musculus (18.8 %). Eggs from at least 13 species of helminths were identified: Hymenolepis diminuta, Rodentolepis nana, Moniliformis moniliformis, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Heterakis spumosa, Mastophorus muris, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Strongyloides ratti, Syphacia obvelata, Syphacia muris, Toxocara sp., Trichosomoides crassicauda, and Trichuris muris. This is the first study to report the presence of H. polygyrus, S. ratti and T. crassicauda in commensal rodents in Mexico. In conclusion, our results suggest that helminths commonly infect commensal rodents in Villahermosa and therefore rodents present a health risk to inhabitants in this region.

scholarly journals Characterisation of Trichuris muris secreted proteins and extracellular vesicles provides new insights into host-parasite communication

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon M. Eichenberger ◽  
Md Hasanuzzaman Talukder ◽  
Matthew A. Field ◽  
Phurpa Wangchuk ◽  
Paul Giacomin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Trichuris Muris ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
First Time ◽  
Host Tissues

AbstractWhipworms are parasitic nematodes that live in the gut of more than 500 million people worldwide. Due to the difficulty in obtaining parasite material, the mouse whipworm Trichuris muris has been extensively used as a model to study human whipworm infections. These nematodes secrete a multitude of compounds that interact with host tissues where they orchestrate a parasitic existence. Herein we provide the first comprehensive characterisation of the excretory/secretory products of T. muris. We identify 148 proteins secreted by T. muris and show for the first time that the mouse whipworm secretes exosome-like extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can interact with host cells. We use an Optiprep® gradient to purify the EVs, highlighting the suitability of this method for purifying EVs secreted by a parasitic nematode. We also characterise the proteomic and genomic content of the EVs, identifying >350 proteins, 56 miRNAs (22 novel) and 475 full-length mRNA transcripts mapping to T. muris gene models. Many of the miRNAs putatively mapped to mouse genes involved in regulation of inflammation, implying a role in parasite-driven immunomodulation. In addition, for the first time to our knowledge, we use colonic organoids to demonstrate the internalisation of parasite EVs by host cells. Understanding how parasites interact with their host is crucial to develop new control measures. This first characterisation of the proteins and EVs secreted by T. muris provides important information on whipworm-host communication and forms the basis for future studies.

scholarly journals Development of caecaloids to study host-pathogen interactions: new insights into immunoregulatory functions of Trichuris muris extracellular vesicles in the caecum

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
María A. Duque-Correa ◽  
Fernanda Schreiber ◽  
Faye H. Rodgers ◽  
David Goulding ◽  
Sally Forrest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Type I Interferon ◽  
Adult Stem Cell ◽  
Type I ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Trichuris Muris ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Tissue Of Origin

ABSTRACTThe caecum, an intestinal appendage in the junction of the small and large intestines, displays a unique epithelium that serves as an exclusive niche for a range of pathogens including whipworms (Trichuris spp). While protocols to grow organoids from small intestine (enteroids) and colon (colonoids) exist, the conditions to culture organoids from the caecum have yet to be described. Here, we report methods to grow, differentiate and characterise mouse adult stem cell-derived caecal organoids, termed caecaloids. We compare the cellular composition of caecaloids to that of enteroids identifying differences in intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) populations that mimic those found in the caecum and small intestine. The remarkable similarity in the IECs composition and spatial conformation of caecaloids and their tissue of origin enables their use as an in vitro model to study host interactions with important caecal pathogens. Thus, exploiting this system we investigated the responses of caecal IECs to extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted/excreted by the intracellular helminth Trichuris muris. Our findings reveal novel immunoregulatory effects of whipworm EVs on the caecal epithelium, including the downregulation of responses to nucleic acid recognition and type-I interferon (IFN) signalling.

scholarly journals Metabolomes and Lipidomes of the Infective Stages of the Gastrointestinal nematodes, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Trichuris muris

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 446
Author(s):  
Karma Yeshi ◽  
Darren J. Creek ◽  
Dovile Anderson ◽  
Edita Ritmejerytė ◽  
Luke Becker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Trichuris Muris ◽  
Metabolomics Standard Initiative ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Somatic Extract

Soil-transmitted helminths, including hookworms and whipworms, infect billions of people worldwide. Their capacity to penetrate and migrate through their hosts’ tissues is influenced by the suite of molecules produced by the infective developmental stages. To facilitate a better understanding of the immunobiology and pathogenicity of human hookworms and whipworms, we investigated the metabolomes of the infective stage of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis third-stage larvae (L3) which penetrate the skin and Trichuris muris eggs which are orally ingested, using untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We identified 55 polar metabolites through Metabolomics Standard Initiative level-1 (MSI-I) identification from N. brasiliensis and T. muris infective stages, out of which seven were unique to excretory/secretory products (ESPs) of N. brasiliensis L3. Amino acids were a principal constituent (33 amino acids). Additionally, we identified 350 putative lipids, out of which 28 (all known lipids) were unique to N. brasiliensis L3 somatic extract and four to T. muris embryonated egg somatic extract. Glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids were the major lipid groups. The catalogue of metabolites identified in this study shed light on the biology, and possible therapeutic and diagnostic targets for the treatment of these critical infectious pathogens. Moreover, with the growing body of literature on the therapeutic utility of helminth ESPs for treating inflammatory diseases, a role for metabolites is likely but has received little attention thus far.

scholarly journals Development of caecaloids to study host–pathogen interactions: new insights into immunoregulatory functions of Trichuris muris extracellular vesicles in the caecum

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 707-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
María A. Duque-Correa ◽  
Fernanda Schreiber ◽  
Faye H. Rodgers ◽  
David Goulding ◽  
Sally Forrest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Host Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Trichuris Muris ◽  
Host Pathogen

scholarly journals Rapid purification and characterization of l-dopachrome-methyl ester tautomerase (macrophage-migration-inhibitory factor) from Trichinella spiralis, Trichuris muris and Brugia pahangi

1998 ◽  
Vol 335 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne L. PENNOCK ◽  
Jerzy M. BEHNKE ◽  
Quentin D. BICKLE ◽  
Eileen DEVANEY ◽  
Richard K. GRENCIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Macrophage Migration ◽  
Trichuris Muris ◽  
Brugia Pahangi ◽  
Dopachrome Tautomerase ◽  
Parasitic Helminths

Macrophage-migration-inhibition factor (MIF) is an essential stimulator of mammalian T-lymphocyte-dependent adaptive immunity, hence MIF orthologues might be expressed by infectious organisms as an immunosubversive stratagem. Since MIF actively catalyses the tautomerization of the methyl ester of l-dopachrome (using dopachrome tautomerase), the occurrence of MIF orthologues in several parasitic helminths was investigated by assaying and characterizing such activity. Evidence of MIF orthologues (dopachrome tautomerase) was found in the soluble fraction of the nematodes Trichinella spiralis (stage 4 larvae) and Trichuris muris (adults), and the filarial nematode Brugia pahangi (adults). The MIF orthologues of Tr. muris(TmMIF) and B. pahangi (BpMIF) were purified to homogeneity using phenyl-agarose chromatography, that of T. spiralis (TsMIF) required a further step: cation-exchange FPLC. Retention time on reverse-phase HPLC and Mr on SDS/PAGE of the nematode MIFs were similar to those of human MIF. N-terminal sequences (19 residues) of TsMIF and TmMIF showed 47 and 36% identity, respectively, with human MIF. The N-terminal sequence of BpMIF (14 residues) was identical to that of an MIF orthologue in the genome of B. malayi (Swiss-Prot, P91850) and showed 43% identity to either human or TsMIF. TsMIF had 10-fold higher dopachrome tautomerase activity than MIF from the other sources. The enzyme activities of TsMIF, BpMIF and TmMIF were less sensitive to inhibition by haematin (I50: > 15 µM, > 15 µM and 2.6 µM, respectively) than that of human MIF (I50 0.2 µM). Significant dopachrome tautomerase or phenyl-agarose-purifiable MIF-like protein was not detected in the soluble fraction of the nematodes Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta, or the trematodes Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum and S. haematobium, or the free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, which does contain an MIF-related gene.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic Activity of Yeast Particle-Encapsulated Terpenes

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (13) ◽  
pp. 2958
Author(s):  
Zeynep Mirza ◽  
Ernesto R. Soto ◽  
Yan Hu ◽  
Thanh-Thanh Nguyen ◽  
David Koch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Trichuris Muris ◽  
Adverse Side Effects ◽  
Fast Absorption ◽  
Natural Monoterpene ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Reduced Activity

Soil-transmitted nematodes (STN) infect 1–2 billion of the poorest people worldwide. Only benzimidazoles are currently used in mass drug administration, with many instances of reduced activity. Terpenes are a class of compounds with anthelmintic activity. Thymol, a natural monoterpene phenol, was used to help eradicate hookworms in the U.S. South circa 1910. However, the use of terpenes as anthelmintics was discontinued because of adverse side effects associated with high doses and premature stomach absorption. Furthermore, the dose–response activity of specific terpenes against STNs has been understudied. Here we used hollow, porous yeast particles (YPs) to efficiently encapsulate (>95%) high levels of terpenes (52% w/w) and evaluated their anthelmintic activity on hookworms (Ancylostoma ceylanicum), a rodent parasite (Nippostrongylus brasiliensis), and whipworm (Trichuris muris). We identified YP–terpenes that were effective against all three parasites. Further, YP–terpenes overcame albendazole-resistant Caenorhabditis elegans. These results demonstrate that terpenes are broad-acting anthelmintics. Terpenes are predicted to be extremely difficult for parasites to resist, and YP encapsulation provides water-suspendable terpene materials without surfactants and sustained terpene release that could lead to the development of formulations for oral delivery that overcome fast absorption in the stomach, thus reducing dosage and toxic side effects.

scholarly journals Diversity, Prevalence and Risk Assessment of Nematode Parasites in Tatera indica found in Punjab State

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimple Mandla ◽  
Neena Singla ◽  
Sukhmanpreet Kaur Brar ◽  
L.D. Singla
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Trichuris Muris ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Tatera Indica ◽  
Syphacia Muris

Background: Present study was aimed to record diversity, prevalence and risk assessment of nematode parasites in Indian gerbil, Tatera indica, a wild rodent species found in crop fields. Methods: Total 180 Indian gerbils (T. indica) were live trapped from crop fields of Ludhiana, Punjab between April, 2019 to March, 2020 and examined for the diversity and prevalence of nematode parasites in liver and gastrointestinal tract. Result: Only 33 (18.33%) gerbils were found infected with four nematodes species i.e. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (39.40%), Calodium hepaticum (21.21%), Trichuris muris (21.21%) and Syphacia muris (18.18%). Eggs of N. brasiliensis, T. muris and S. muris were found in faecal samples. Pale yellow lesions on surface of liver and subsequent histopathology of infected liver indicated the presence of C. hepaticum eggs entrapped in parenchyma. Host age (χ2 = 8.78, P = 0.03) and season (χ2 = 9.21, P = 0.01) significantly affected the prevalence of N. brassiliensis and C. hepaticum, respectively. Shannon-Weiner index and Species Evenness of nematode parasites were maximum in monsoon season (1.04 and 0.94, respectively). Based on results proper rodent pest management is advised by integrated control measures at village level to prevent spread of diseases caused by them.

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