Human Life as a Social Phenomenon

2006 ◽  
pp. 655-706
Author(s):  
Natan Gadoth ◽  
Nina Gunde-Cimerman ◽  
Polona Zalar ◽  
Gordon W. Beakes ◽  
Lawrence Funderburke
Keyword(s):  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Maraden Parlindungan Silalahi

<p>Postmodernism fundamentally supersedes the ideas of modern ages that base their perspective on rationality and objectivity into postmodern thought that aimed at improving awareness of the reality in human life. It is aimed at improving  social or cultural conditions or circumstances and to build the forms of awareness about realities that occur in human life in all spheres of life. This conception ultimately awakens Edward Said to a social phenomenon associated with the Western (colonialist) and Eastern (orientalist). Through his writing entitled Orientalism, Edward Said links Western responses and worldviews (Orient) which are always based on the nature of preconceived and stereotyped. In this paper, the author will firstly reveal the thoughts of postmodernism and then associate them with the concept of Orientalism. At the end of this paper, the authors will conduct case studies on two texts that are considered to reflect the issues of orientalism.</p><p><em> </em></p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> postmodernism, orientalism, Edward Said</em>


2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Nuryamin Nuryamin

This article discusses the concept of bribery in the perspective of hadith jurisprudence and its impact on human life. By looking at some definitions of bribery, it is found that all definitions give different meanings, goals, and aspects, there are essence of bribery, or which have similarities to them (such as gratification), because bribery is a social phenomenon and has many patterns making it difficult to define definitions the right and limit the meaning. But a definition that explains the meaning of bribery objectively, namely: Giving given to someone (an official) so that the right becomes wrong and wrong becomes right, because it summarizes the essence of bribery practice and is considered a comprehensive definition of all banned aspects of bribery, so let us choose this. In Qur’ān and Ḥadīth, Allah forbade his servant to eat bribery property, because this property was included as part of consuming other people's assets with vanity. Even though bribery is called a variety of terms in daily life, such as facilitation payments, tips, etc., the legal status and prohibition cannot change with these various terms. Bribes also have the potential to create hate conflicts and hostility among members of the community. Because in essence, bribery is only a tool for those who hold policies to oppress the weak. On the other hand, those who surrendered their wealth to the recipients of this bribe gave their assets very forcefully.


2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-180
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD ALFIAN ◽  
INDAH HERNINGRUM ◽  
MUHAMMAD FAJRUL BAHRI

This article aimed to study one of the phenomenological approaches proposed by Richard C. Martin. Religion is a complicated thing to be studied. Since Islam as a multi-dimensional religion requires a comprehensive study through methods and approaches. Generally, Richard C. Martin stated that religion is a social phenomenon that arises or is intentionally raised to regulate the goodness of human life. Commonly, this kind of approach is still unacceptable, but it should be considered as a research object for academics (khawas). Especially in Islamic education academics. The authors employed library research method to further elaborate on Richard C. Martin's thought in his phenomenological approach. The approach used is a descriptive qualitative approach.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelechi Chijioke Samuel

This paper explores the subject matter of human language as a social phenomenon in a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic society like Nigeria. The paper situates language as a complex social phenomenon which pervades every aspect of human life. It identifies the role of language in intrapersonal and interpersonal communication, and the complexities involved in every communicative event that must not be taken for granted. Furthermore, it identifies the functions and limitations of language, including its negative functions as viewed from Critical theory. The paper affirms that language is a central phenomenon in human cognitive development, internal conceptualization of thoughts and ideas, the external expression and sharing of thoughts, the perception and representation of social reality, the transmission of culture, and the maintenance of social relations. The paper further notes that language difference can be a source of social dysfunction in multi-lingual and multi-cultural societies like Nigeria.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Sohibul Hairi

Literature is a social phenomenon that is associated with writers, readers, and related aspects of human life that is expressed in a literary work. In this view, when someone attempts to analyze drama script to comprehend more about the drama, to conduct a discourse analysis on drama plays a significant role in the success of the analysis. Script or screenplay is one of literary work. There is 18 character education in Indonesia according to Panduan Pendidikan Karakter, Kemendikas 2010. They are: Religious, Honest, Disciplined, Hard Working, Creative, Independent, Democratic, Curious, Nationalistic, Patriotic, Sportive and respectful, Inclusive and Communicative, Peace-loving, Studios, Caring and Compassion, Empathetic, Responsible.  This study is aimed at two primary purposes: (1) to investigate the moral values in ‘Twilight’ film script, (2) to investigate the moral values to build someone's character. This study was carried out the script of Twilight film written by Melissa Rosenberg. To achieve two objectives, the data were analyzed by collecting and reviewing the document. After moral values have been collected, they are analyzed and categorized the moral values that could be implemented to build a student's character. The result of the research is that there are some moral values in Twilight film script that could be implemented to build student's character, they are (1) Honest, (2) Independent, (3) Curios, (4) Patriotic, (5) inclusive and Communicative, (6) peace-loving, (7) Empathetic and (8) Responsible. Those eight characters are a good character that could be implemented to build the students' character. Suggestion proposed based on the result analysis toward moral value in Twilight film script should be used as one of the references. In education, especially for teachers, it is imperative to build the students character


2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-140
Author(s):  
Evgeny M. Shumkin

Under the influence of various social phenomena and disasters in society, the architecture of social, cultural, legal and spiritual values tends to change. Over the recent years, the importance of old-fashioned moral fabric, the need to achieve moral benefits has been challenged, and the main task of the people today is to overcome the dependence on negative social phenomena and eliminate their consequences. Social phenomena such as war and famine has accompanied human civilization throughout its history, which was invariably reflected in literature (mythology) at the early dawn of human civilization. However, the analysis of the effects of social disasters on all spheres of human life has not been conducted yet, especially on a global scale. This paper provides a theoretical analysis of the variability of legal culture, behavior, emotional life of individuals under the influence of certain social phenomena, such as war and revolution, famine and epidemic. The analysis is based on the monograph of Pitirim Sorokin “Man and society in conditions of social disasters”. Interest in legal culture as a social phenomenon and process devoted, at different times, sociologists such as Anthony Giddens, L. Petrazhitsky, O. Comte, G. Spencer, Max Weber, Javier Trevigno, Alfred Whitehead. Using the descriptive form of the presentation of the material, the author of the article describes the main sociological concepts used as part of the definitive apparatus of P. A. Sorokin in this monograph. The main factors that change social processes under the pressure of these social phenomena are formulated. Changes in the socio-cultural organization of society in the dynamics are considered. In the sociological aspect, the nomological culture and the degree of its volatility under the pressure of wars and revolutions, famines and epidemics are touched upon. The objective of this article is to correctly perceive the destructive impact of negative social phenomena on the values of the individual in particular and society as a whole. The aim of the work is to analyze the causes of such influence. The actualization of the four social ills listed by Pitirim Sorokin in modern reality has not lost its social significance at the present time. Although in the time described by the author (the twenties – forties of the XX century), the epidemic was only a satellite of war or famine, and in the modern world such support has ceased to be mandatory. The latter, too, shows its allied solidarity and importance only in the presence of war. Therefore, in modern historical segments, it almost does not appear. The key and interesting problem, highlighting which we will debate the arguments of Pitirim Sorokin, is the legal culture as a separate social phenomenon, which is directly dependent on the depth and catastrophic scale of the war or revolution, famine and epidemic.


2017 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 643-653
Author(s):  
Miron Pukan

Artistic patterns of old age expression in the works by Slovak authors Milo Urban, Július Barč-Ivan,Karol HorákThe cultural and social phenomenon of old age as an object of artistic literature from middle ages till contemporary period has been interpreted mostly ambivalently as asource of the wisdom as well as the weakness, experience and psychic degradation, the loss of authority and suffering. Within the various poetic methods realizing in the world and European literary production including Slovak literature, the rich reflections and different artistic patterns of an old age expression can be found. To manifest various forms of this cultural and social phenomenon in the literature three works from different social and historical periods representing various development stages of the Slovak literature will be analysed — the novella Staroba “Old Age” from the collection Výkriky bez ozveny “Yells without Echoing”, 1928 written by the prosaic writer and journalist Milo Urban, the tragedy Matka “Mother” written by prosaic and drama writer Július Barč-Ivan, and the play Cesta “Journey” written by prosaic and drama writer, literary and theatre scientist, university professor Karol Horák. The given texts prosaic one and two dramatic ones are integrated by common milieu with identical archetypal value — the world of Slovak village which is often described in the works by Slovak authors.Whereas the protagonist of the first work is an old village man tossing up between passionate desire to live and the awareness of the death inevitability, in the second and third work the key role is played by older women fulfilling their role of mothers. In Barč´s drama the mistaken fatalistic faith in predetermination of human fates leads towards the religious negativism and becomes the source of evil criminal act. As opposed to Barč´s play Matka the protagonist of Horák´s play Cesta, Kata Pohlodková, believes in the better future on the basis of Christian philosophy. The author stratifies his narration to produce the inward portrayal of aman in the extreme life situation on the background of historical events. Taking into consideration the miscellaneous aspects of this phenomenon, the research of this topic in the literary works is still open provoking the questions like — In which way is life represented in the literature through this phenomenon? Is this phenomenon presented stereotypically or are the generally valid stereotypes overcome? What is the influence of this phenomenon on aman and his/her attitude towards life transience? It can be generally accepted that the phenomenon of old age intervenes into human life and modifies it in abig way.Artystyczne ujęcie zjawiska starości w twórczości wybranych autorów słowackich Milo Urban, Július Barč-Ivan, Karol HorákSpołeczno-kulturowy fenomen starości w literaturze artystycznej od średniowiecza aż po współczesność interpretowany jest ambiwaletnie: z jednej strony jako źródło mądrości i doświadczenia, z drugiej zaś jako czas słabości, degradacji psychicznej, utraty autorytetu oraz cierpienia. W literaturze światowej, europejskiej, więc również, co oczywiste, w kontekście słowackim, stosunkowo często spotykamy się z refleksją na temat ostatniej fazy życia człowieka i z jej różnorodnym artystycznym opracowaniem. Za ilustrację możliwych literackich ujęć owego zjawiska posłużyły nam trzy dzieła autorów piszących po słowacku: nowela Staroba Starość ze zbioru Výkriky bez ozveny 1928; Okrzyki bez echa prozaika, tłumacza i dziennikarza Mila Urbana, tragedia Matka 1943 prozaika i dramatopisarza Júliusa Barča-Ivana oraz sztuka Cesta 1988; Droga dramatopisarza, prozaika, teatrologa i literaturoznawcy — profesora Karola Horáka. Wybrane utwory jeden prozatorski, dwa dramatyczne łączy pewien element archetypiczny — topos wsi słowackiej, skądinąd silnie obecny w rodzimej literaturze.Głównym bohaterem tekstu prozatorskiego jest uwięziony między pragnieniem życia a świadomością nieuniknionej śmierci mężczyzna, natomiast w przypadku dramatów kluczową rolę odgrywają starsze kobiety — matki. W dramacie Júliusa Barča-Ivana ślepe przekonanie o nieodwracalności ludzkiego losu prowadzi do zaprzeczenia religii i— w ostateczności — do zbrodni. Inaczej jest u Karola Horáka. Protagonistka sztuki Cesta Kata Pohlodková zgodnie z duchem filozofii chrześcijańskiej wierzy w lepszą przyszłość. Swoją opowieść autor wzbogaca, na tle wydarzeń historycznych pokazując introspektywę bohatera, który znalazł się w tragicznej sytuacji życiowej.Należy pamiętać o tym, że szeroki horyzont omawianego zjawiska, również dzięki jego wieloaspektowości, nie ogranicza pola badawczego, lecz wręcz przeciwnie — prowokuje do dalszych odkryć oraz prób odpowiedzi na liczne pytania. Bardzo interesująca wydaje się na przykład kwestia rzutowania starości na wizerunek życia w literaturze pięknej. Czy przedstawianie starości podlega powszechnie przyjętemu stereotypowi, czy mu się opiera, przełamuje go? Jaki wpływ ma starość na człowieka i świadomość przemijania? I tak dalej. Z pewnością jednak można stwierdzić, że omawiane przez nas zjawisko determinuje człowieka, określając i formując jego los.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-452
Author(s):  
Alan MacLeod ◽  
Nicola Spence

COVID 19 has raised the profile of biosecurity. However, biosecurity is not only about protecting human life. This issue brings together mini-reviews examining recent developments and thinking around some of the tools, behaviours and concepts around biosecurity. They illustrate the multi-disciplinary nature of the subject, demonstrating the interface between research and policy. Biosecurity practices aim to prevent the spread of harmful organisms; recognising that 2020 is the International Year of Plant Health, several focus on plant biosecurity although invasive species and animal health concerns are also captured. The reviews show progress in developing early warning systems and that plant protection organisations are increasingly using tools that compare multiple pest threats to prioritise responses. The bespoke modelling of threats can inform risk management responses and synergies between meteorology and biosecurity provide opportunities for increased collaboration. There is scope to develop more generic models, increasing their accessibility to policy makers. Recent research can improve pest surveillance programs accounting for real-world constraints. Social science examining individual farmer behaviours has informed biosecurity policy; taking a broader socio-cultural approach to better understand farming networks has the potential to change behaviours in a new way. When encouraging public recreationists to adopt positive biosecurity behaviours communications must align with their values. Bringing together the human, animal, plant and environmental health sectors to address biosecurity risks in a common and systematic manner within the One Biosecurity concept can be achieved through multi-disciplinary working involving the life, physical and social sciences with the support of legislative bodies and the public.


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