Mitosis: How Are the Chromosomes of the Parent Cell Evenly Parceled Out to the Daughter Cells?

2013 ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
Charles C. Tseng ◽  
Xiaoli Yang
Keyword(s):  
Parent Cell ◽  
Daughter Cells

The asymptotic behaviour of an invasion process

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 584-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Asymptotic Behaviour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adjacent Cell ◽  
Rectangular Lattice ◽  
Parent Cell ◽  
Invasion Process ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
A Cell

Black and white cells are positioned at the vertices of a rectangular lattice. When a cell division occurs, the daughter cells are of the same colour as the parent cell; one of them replaces an adjacent cell and the other remains in the position of the parent cell. In one variant of the model it is assumed that whenever a white cell appears at the origin it is transformed into a black cell; apart from this the black and white cells are equally competitive and in particular they divide at the same rate. Initially, only the cell at the origin is black. The asymptotic behaviour of the black clone is investigated.

Inheritance of chromatin modifications through the cell cycle

2019 ◽  
pp. 184-190
Author(s):  
John C. Lucchesi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Histone H3 ◽  
Parent Cell ◽  
Dna Repeats ◽  
Cpg Dinucleotides ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Histone H3 Variant ◽  
Dna Strands ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Transcriptional Landscape

Following mitosis, the particular transcriptional landscape of the parent cell must be faithfully transmitted to daughter cells. Although transcription ceases, not all transcription factors are displaced. DNA methylation has been implicated in the inheritance of chromatin characteristics because maintenance DNA methyl transferases methylate CpG dinucleotides on the newly replicated strand if the corresponding GpC on the parent strand is methylated. Nucleosomes that are deposited on the newly synthesized DNA strands are made up of old and new histones, and some marks present on the old histones are maintained. The proper distribution of nucleosomes and the topological organization of the genome into topologically associating domains (TADs) must be transmitted to daughter cells. Following DNA replication, centromeres must be specified on the daughter chromatids. In most eukaryotes, centromeres are identified by the presence of nucleosomes bearing the histone H3 variant CENP-A. An additional number of proteins and non-coding RNAs originating from centric and pericentromeric DNA repeats associate with centromeres and appear to play a role in centromere function.

Budding of melanized Cryptococcus neoformans in the presence or absence of l-dopa

Microbiology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 149 (7) ◽  
pp. 1945-1951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D. Nosanchuk ◽  
Arturo Casadevall
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Parent Cell ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Bud Site ◽  
Dopa Melanin

Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic fungus that produces melanin when incubated in the presence of certain phenolic substrates such as l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa). Melanin is an enigmatic polymer that is deposited in the cell wall and contributes to virulence. Substantial progress has been made in understanding the synthesis of melanin and the mechanisms by which it contributes to virulence, but relatively little is known about how melanin is rearranged during growth and budding. In this study we used transmission and scanning electron microscopy and immunofluorescence of melanized cells and melanin ‘ghosts' to study the process of melanization during replication. Budding in melanized C. neoformans results in focal disruption of cell-wall melanin at the bud site. In the presence of l-dopa, bud-related melanin defects are repaired and daughter cells are melanized. However, in the absence of substrate, mother cells cannot repair their melanin defects and daughter cells are non-melanized. Hence, melanin in the parent cell is not carried to the daughter cells, but rather is synthesized de novo in buds. These results imply that melanin remodelling occurs during cell growth in a process that involves degradation and synthesis at sites of budding.

Perturbation of mammalian cell division. III. The topography and kinetics of extrusion subdivision

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-285
Author(s):  
A.M. Mullinger ◽  
R.T. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Parent Cell ◽  
Division Iii ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Human Diploid Cells ◽  
Diploid Cells ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Time Lapse Photography

If mitotic-arrested, cold-stored HeLa cells are incubated at 37 degrees C a proportion of the population divides by an aberrant process which we have called subdivision by extrusion. This process has been studied by time-lapse photography and shown to differ from normal cleavage in several respects. The cell surface becomes more generally mobile and, instead of producing the precisely localized furrowing activity of cytokinesis, gives rise to multiple surface protrusions. These protrusions enlarge at the expense of the parent cell and develop into a cluster of small daughter cells (mini segregants). The surface structure of the cell, as seen by scanning electron microscopy, also changes; the microvilli characteristic of interphase, metaphase and cleaving HeLa cells are lost during extrusion and the cell surface becomes smooth. Extrusion activity is much more variable than division by cleavage in terms of both topography and kinetics, and in general takes longer to complete. Some cells in the cold-treated populations divide by mixtures of cleavage and extrusion or by cleavage alone. The relative numbers of cells dividing in different ways vary with the conditions of pretreatment and incubation of the mitotic cells. The greater the perturbation (e.g. longer cold storage), the greater the proportion of extruding rather than cleaving cells. Human diploid cells can also be induced to subdivide by extrusion. Possible mechanisms underlying the different types of division activity are discussed.

Abstract 585: Mathematical Modelling of Monocytes and Monocyte-Derived Cells in Inflammation Shows Cholesterol Biomagnification as a Determinant of Atherosclerotic Plaque Fate

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Ford
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modelling ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaque ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Parent Cell ◽  
Cholesterol Accumulation ◽  
Phagocytic Capacity ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Lipid Dynamics ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
The Relationship

Efferocytosis recycles substances, such as cholesterol, from apoptotic monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (Mo/Mphi) back into the Mo/Mphi population. Without net removal, these substances will concentrate within successive generations of Mo/Mphis --- a biomagnification process seldom explored in inflammation. We propose that biomagnification of cholesterol within the Mo/Mphi population is an important feature of atherosclerotic plaque progression by gradually enhancing inflammation and necrosis over time. We have developed a mathematical model of Mo/Mphi in inflammation where a population of Mo/Mphi is modelled with a distribution of internalised lipids in the population. We use this to explore the relationship between cholesterol accumulation and plaque fate. Although the number of Mo/Mphis in the plaque remains stable when the rates of recruitment and proliferation are balanced by apoptosis and egress, lipid dynamics (such as cholesterol bioaccumulation) within this system may change. The model can be used to investigate the conditions when lipids are and are not stably trafficked between Mo/Mphi and apoptotic Mo/Mphi. Destabilisation of lipid dynamics results in a continuous throughput of material from Mo/Mphi and apoptotic Mo/Mphi to the necrotic core. These conditions include the amount of modified LDL relative to HDL, the propensity of Mo/Mphi to replicate and to leave the plaque. Surprisingly Mo/Mphi proliferation provides a highly protective mechanism by halving accumulated cholesterol between two daughter cells and doubling the phagocytic capacity of the parent cell. Overall the technique of mathematical modelling offers novel insights into both plaque pro- and regression. We will conclude with a discussion on how the theory of biomagnification extends to all innate inflammatory systems.

The asymptotic behaviour of an invasion process

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (03) ◽  
pp. 584-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Asymptotic Behaviour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adjacent Cell ◽  
Rectangular Lattice ◽  
Parent Cell ◽  
Invasion Process ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
A Cell

Black and white cells are positioned at the vertices of a rectangular lattice. When a cell division occurs, the daughter cells are of the same colour as the parent cell; one of them replaces an adjacent cell and the other remains in the position of the parent cell. In one variant of the model it is assumed that whenever a white cell appears at the origin it is transformed into a black cell; apart from this the black and white cells are equally competitive and in particular they divide at the same rate. Initially, only the cell at the origin is black. The asymptotic behaviour of the black clone is investigated.

scholarly journals Gigantism in a Bacterium, Epulopiscium fishelsoni, Correlates with Complex Patterns in Arrangement, Quantity, and Segregation of DNA

1998 ◽  
Vol 180 (21) ◽  
pp. 5601-5611 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Bresler ◽  
W. L. Montgomery ◽  
L. Fishelson ◽  
P. E. Pollak
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Parent Cell ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Fluorescence Measurements ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
Condensed Dna

ABSTRACT Epulopiscium fishelsoni, gut symbiont of the brown surgeonfish (Acanthurus nigrofuscus) in the Red Sea, attains a larger size than any other eubacterium, varies 10- to 20-fold in length (and >2,000-fold in volume), and undergoes a complex daily life cycle. In early morning, nucleoids contain highly condensed DNA in elongate, chromosome-like structures which are physically separated from the general cytoplasm. Cell division involves production of two (rarely three) nucleoids within a cell, deposition of cell walls around expanded nucleoids, and emergence of daughter cells from the parent cell. Fluorescence measurements of DNA, RNA, and other cell components indicate the following. DNA quantity is proportional to cell volume over cell lengths of ∼30 μm to >500 μm. For cells of a given size, nucleoids of cells with two nucleoids (binucleoid) contain approximately equal amounts of DNA. And each nucleoid of a binucleoid cell contains one-half the DNA of the single nucleoid in a uninucleoid cell of the same size. The life cycle involves approximately equal subdivision of DNA among daughter cells, formation of apical caps of condensed DNA from previously decondensed and diffusely distributed DNA, and “pinching” of DNA near the middle of the cell in the absence of new wall formation. Mechanisms underlying these patterns remain unclear, but formation of daughter nucleoids and cells occurs both during diurnal periods of host feeding and bacterial cell growth and during nocturnal periods of host inactivity when mean bacterial cell size declines.

Stimulated Virus Production in Vinblastine and Cytochalasin-Induced Multinucleate Cells

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 186-187
Author(s):  
Krishan Awtar
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Normal Cell ◽  
Virus Production ◽  
Multinucleate Cells ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Nuclear Membranes ◽  
Division 2 ◽  
Vinblastine Sulfate

Exposure of cells to low sublethal but mitosis-arresting doses of vinblastine sulfate (Velban) results in the initial arrest of cells in mitosis followed by their subsequent return to an “interphase“-like stage. A large number of these cells reform their nuclear membranes and form large multimicronucleated cells, some containing as many as 25 or more micronuclei (1). Formation of large multinucleate cells is also caused by cytochalasin, by causing the fusion of daughter cells at the end of an otherwise .normal cell division (2). By the repetition of this process through subsequent cell divisions, large cells with 6 or more nuclei are formed.

Changes Occur in Plasma Membrane Turnover when K562 Leukemia Cells are Induced to Differentiate

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
L. M. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
Parent Cell ◽  
Membrane Turnover ◽  
Coated Pits ◽  
Surface Distribution ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Erythroleukemic Cell ◽  
Specific Membrane

A human erythroleukemic cell line, metabolically blocked in a late stage of erythropoiesis, becomes capable of differentiation along the normal pathway when grown in the presence of hemin. This process is characterized by hemoglobin synthesis followed by rearrangement of the plasma membrane proteins and culminates in asymmetrical cytokinesis in the absence of nuclear division. A reticulocyte-like cell buds from the nucleus-containing parent cell after erythrocyte specific membrane proteins have been sequestered into its membrane. In this process the parent cell faces two obstacles. First, to organize its erythrocyte specific proteins at one pole of the cell for inclusion in the reticulocyte; second, to reduce or abolish membrane protein turnover since hemoglobin is virtually the only protein being synthesized at this stage. A means of achieving redistribution and cessation of turnover could involve movement of membrane proteins by a directional lipid flow. Generation of a lipid flow towards one pole and accumulation of erythrocyte-specific membrane proteins could be achieved by clathrin coated pits which are implicated in membrane endocytosis, intracellular transport and turnover. In non-differentiating cells, membrane proteins are turned over and are random in surface distribution. If, however, the erythrocyte specific proteins in differentiating cells were excluded from endocytosing coated pits, not only would their turnover cease, but they would also tend to drift towards and collect at the site of endocytosis. This hypothesis requires that different protein species are endocytosed by the coated vesicles in non-differentiating than by differentiating cells.

Fine Structure of Cytochalasin Induced Polyploid Cells

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 122-123
Author(s):  
Awtar Krishan ◽  
Nestor Bohonos
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Cytochalasin B ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Cell Monolayer ◽  
Polyploid Cell ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Nuclear Surface ◽  
Unsuccessful Attempt ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Polyploid Cells

Cytochalasin B, a mould metabolite from Helminthosporium dermatioideum has been shown to interfere with specific cell activities such as cytoplasmic cleavage and cell movement. Cells undergoing nuclear division in the presence of cytochalasin B are unable to complete the separation of the resulting daughter cells. In time-lapse studies, the daughter cells coalesce after an initial unsuccessful attempt at separation and form large multinucleate polyploid cells. The present report describes the fine structure of the large polyploid cells induced in Earle's L-cell monolayer cultures by exposure to cytochalasin B (lγ/ml) for 92 hours.In the present material we have seen as many as 7 nuclei in these polyploid cells. Treatment with cytochalasin B for longer periods of time (6 to 7 days, with one medium change on the 3rd day) did not increase the number of nuclei beyond the 7 nuclei stage. Figure 1 shows a large polyploid cell with four nuclei. These nuclei are indistinguishable in their fine structure from those of the cells from control cultures but often show unusually large numbers of cytoplasmic invaginations and extensions of the nuclear surface (Figure 2).

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