Issues of Environmental and Labor Standards in the Global Trading System

The International Labor Organization (ILO) is not an effective force for raising labor standards in the developing world and could become considerably more effective by taking account of two of the most important and interrelated recent theoretical developments in understanding labor standards. First, countries derive no comparative advantage in the global trading system from most very low labor standards. The ILO should therefore concentrate its energies on lifting these, rather than (as it so often does) concentrating on labor standards that are a source of comparative advantage, the elimination of which is resisted strongly and effectively. Second, the tools of game theory may be used to identify the collective action problems that prevent countries from lifting their own labor standards, and create a role for a transnational agency that may assist them.

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The WTO core agreement, non-trade issues and institutional integrity

World Trade Review ◽

10.1017/s1474745602001271 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 257-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

KENT JONES

Keyword(s):

Dispute Settlement ◽

Market Access ◽

Labor Standards ◽

Trading System ◽

Multilateral Negotiation ◽

Global Institutions ◽

The Core ◽

Trade Sanctions ◽

Environmental Goals ◽

Wto Agreements

WTO member countries understand the core agreement of the organization to consist of binding reciprocal market access achieved through multilateral negotiation, and supported by a system of trade policy rules and dispute settlement. Attempts to introduce social chapters into the WTO would compromise the core agreement. Specifically, authorizing the use of trade sanctions to pursue non-trade goals would diminish the value of the WTO to its members, and undermine the global trading system. WTO agreements and rules can be reconciled with environmental goals, the improvement of labor standards and the promotion of human rights through the development and strengthening of international institutions dedicated to these issues. Efforts by governments to promote new global institutions and international agreements would thereby remove political barriers to trade liberalization.

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Reflection on Labor Standard’s Linkage to International Trade

International Journal of Economics and Finance ◽

10.5539/ijef.v8n3p165 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 165

Author(s):

Yu-hong Xu

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

International Trade ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Fundamental Difference ◽

Labor Standards ◽

Trading System ◽

Labor Standard ◽

Multilateral Trading System ◽

The Developed Countries

Developed countries proposed to link labor standard up to the international trade, which was based on profound economic and social foundation. On this issue, there is a fundamental difference between developed and developing countries: the developed countries think that the low labor standards in the developing countries are a reflection of social dumping, while the developing countries consider labor standard’s linkage to the international trade as an embodiment of trade protectionism in developed countries. Nevertheless, the developed countries still take various measures to promote labor standards in the international trade and this trend tends to be intensified. The ultimate goal of developed countries is to integrate labor standards into the WTO multilateral trading system, and developing countries must face this reality.

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To What Extent Should Labor and Environmental Standards Be Linked to Trade?

The Law and Development Review ◽

10.2202/1943-3867.1012 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Magda Shahin

Keyword(s):

World Trade ◽

Labor Standards ◽

Environmental Standards ◽

Trading System ◽

Real Possibility ◽

Development Agenda ◽

The World ◽

General Exceptions ◽

Wto Agreements

The re-emergence of the ever-lingering trade linkage debate, falling between the prevailing financial crisis unprecedented in its worldwide implications and the persistent failure of the negotiations of the Doha Development Agenda (DDA), underscores the contentiousness of incorporating non-trade values on labor and the environment as standards in the rules-based trading system. Is the World Trade Organization (WTO) ready and well disposed to enter into full-fledged negotiations to devise additional rules to deal with labor and the environment? Is the timing ripe to add new obligations onto member states when they are struggling with the "development round" and there is hardly an end in sight?This paper assesses the `real possibility' and the `extent' to which social and environmental standards should be incorporated in the rules-based trading system. The paper argues that at present there is no need for elaboration or the explicit accommodation of particular environmental or labor standards within WTO agreements. Nor is there any indication that consensus on the content of such standards could be achieved. The constructive ambiguity which is so characteristic to multilateralism at play, and the provisions in existing WTO agreements, in particular General Exceptions Article XX, already provide sufficient and flexible accommodation for these key values. The inclusion of specific and rigid standards governing non-trade matters in the WTO would be opening a Pandora's Box and if hastily addressed could have long-term and dangerous implications for the system as a whole, and its developing country members in particular.

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Correcting the Discriminatory Treatment against In-between Workers - Critical Review of Recent Court Rulings on the Article 6 of the Labor Standards Act -

LABOR LAW REVIEW ◽

10.32716/llr.2018.09.45.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 1-49

Author(s):

Yeonmin Cho

Keyword(s):

Critical Review ◽

Labor Standards

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AKAD FINANCING OF MURABAHAH BETWEEN CUSTOMERS WITH MUAMALAT BANKS HARKAT VIEWED FROM SHARI'AH PRINCIPLES

Bengkoelen Justice : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum ◽

10.33369/j_bengkoelenjust.v10i1.11340 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 13-26

Author(s):

Candra Irawan ◽

Adi Bastian ◽

Febrozi Rohadi

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Financial Institutions ◽

Research Method ◽

Economic Condition ◽

Field Research ◽

Comprehensive Analysis ◽

Islamic Banks ◽

Legal Research ◽

Trading System ◽

Library Research

Currently in Indonesia Islamic Bank has gained a place and interested in the community, causing many emerging Syari'ah Bank and Financial Institutions of the syari'ah, and products in Islamic banks are widely used is murabahah financing. The formulation of the problem in this research are: (1). How is the implementation of the sale and purchase through murabahah financing between Bank Muamalat Harkat with customers. (2). Is trading system murabahah financing between Bank Muamalat Harkat and customers have been according to the principles of Syari’ah. (3). How murabahah financing efforts to resolve the breach between the customer and Muamalat Harkat. This research method is empirical legal research, this study was conducted in Bank Muamalat Harkat based data collection through field research such as interviews, observation and description as well as information from respondents through library research. The results of this research are: before an agreement Bank to assess carefully the prospective customer in the form of a comprehensive analysis and is divided into several stages, such as the assessment using the principle of 5C Character (Character of the debitor), Chapacity (Capability Candidate Debitor) , Capital (Capital candidate Debitor), Collateral (Collateral candidate Debitor) and Condition of economy (economic condition of the prospective Borrower). Trading system murabahah financing between Bank Muamalat Harkat with the customer has not fully based on the principles of the Syari'ah. Murabahah financing efforts to resolve the defaults can be solved by R3 is Restrukturing (Arrangement Back), Reconditioning (Terms Back) and Rescheduling (rescheduling), sales collateral and auction execution.

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