A Simple, Large Scale Process for Purifying Human Urinary Kallikrein, Based on Reverse Osmosis and Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation

1979 ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amintas F. S. Figueiredo ◽  
Marcos Mares-Guia
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urinary Kallikrein ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation

scholarly journals Isolation and Purification of Jacalin from Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
M.R. Othman ◽  
L.M. Min ◽  
W.J.N. Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Affinity Chromatography ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation ◽  
Protein Determination ◽  
Artocarpus Heterophyllus ◽  
Isolation And Purification ◽  
Lowry Method ◽  
Excessive Quantity

This paper presents investigation results of saturation conditions needed for purification of jacalin lectin from the extract seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus by ammonium precipitation and affinity chromatography on Galactose-Affi gel Hz. Three different aspects of parameters encompassing the percentage of saturation of ammonium sulfate precipitation, the presence of ammonium sulfate on Lowry method and the suitable galactose concentration for optimum elution of the protein from Galactose-Affi gel Hz were investigated. With three different sets of fractional saturation of jacalin purification using ammonium sulfate precipitation, the maximum yield of 0.463 g/g was achieved at 0-90% saturation range in the absence of dialysis. Maximum yield of 0.425 g/g was obtained at 30-60% and 0-90% saturation range in the presence of dialysis. The result from this work also indicates that excessive quantity of NH4SO4 interferes with Lowry method for protein determination substantially. The 0-90% saturation range was found to be more potentially appropriate for large scale application than 30-60% saturation, since the former involves only 1 step NH4SO4 addition. From the affinity chromatography, elution of 0.2 M galactose (in 0.15 M NaCl) from Galactose-Affi gel Hz produced the maximum peak profile and jacalin concentration. A reduction or increase in galactose concentration of more than 0.2 M did not increase concentration of purified jacalin purified using this method.

Extraction and Partial Purification of Protease from Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Normah Ismail ◽  
Nur' Ain Mohamad Kharoe
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Molecular Weight Distribution ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Partial Purification ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation

Unripe and ripe bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) were ground and the extracted juices were partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation at the concentrations of 40 and 60% (w/v). The collected proteases were analysed for pH, temperature stability, storage stability, molecular weight distribution, protein concentration and protein content. Protein content of bilimbi fruit was 0.89 g. Protease activity of both the unripe and ripe fruit were optimum at pH 4 and 40°C when the juice were purified at 40 and 60% ammonium sulfate precipitation. A decreased in protease activity was observed during the seven days of storage at 4°C. Molecular weight distribution indicated that the proteases protein bands fall between IO to 220 kDa. Protein bands were observed at 25, 50 and 160 kDa in both the unripe and ripe bilimbi proteases purified with 40% ammonium sulfate, however, the bands were more intense in those from unripe bilimbi. No protein bands were seen in proteases purified with 60% ammonium sulfate. Protein concentration was higher for proteases extracted with 40% ammonium sulfate at both ripening stages. Thus, purification using 40% ammonium sulfate precipitation could be a successful method to partially purify proteases from bilimbi especially from the unripe stage. 

Characterization of seawater reverse osmosis fouled membranes from large scale commercial desalination plant

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Hydraulic Permeability ◽  
Seawater Reverse Osmosis ◽  
A Chain

The objective of this work is to study the ageing state of a used reverse osmosis (RO) membrane taken in Algeria from the Benisaf Water Company seawater desalination unit. The study consists of an autopsy procedure used to perform a chain of analyses on a membrane sheet. Wear of the membrane is characterized by a degradation of its performance due to a significant increase in hydraulic permeability (25%) and pressure drop as well as a decrease in salt retention (10% to 30%). In most cases the effects of ageing are little or poorly known at the local level and global measurements such as (flux, transmembrane pressure, permeate flow, retention rate, etc.) do not allow characterization. Therefore, a used RO (reverse osmosis) membrane was selected at the site to perform the membrane autopsy tests. These tests make it possible to analyze and identify the cause as well as to understand the links between performance degradation observed at the macroscopic scale and at the scale at which ageing takes place. External and internal visual observations allow seeing the state of degradation. Microscopic analysis of the used membranes surface shows the importance of fouling. In addition, quantification and identification analyses determine a high fouling rate in the used membrane whose foulants is of inorganic and organic nature. Moreover, the analyses proved the presence of a biofilm composed of protein.

scholarly journals A set of simple methods for detection and extraction of laminarinase

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananthamurthy Koteshwara ◽  
Nancy V. Philip ◽  
Jesil Mathew Aranjani ◽  
Raghu Chandrashekhar Hariharapura ◽  
Subrahmanyam Volety Mallikarjuna
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Functional Step

AbstractA carefully designed ammonium sulfate precipitation will simplify extraction of proteins and is considered to be a gold standard among various precipitation methods. Therefore, optimization of ammonium sulfate precipitation can be an important functional step in protein purification. The presence of high amounts of ammonium sulphate precludes direct detection of many enzymatically active proteins including reducing sugar assays (e.g. Nelson-Somogyi, Reissig and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid methods) for assessing carbohydrases (e.g. laminarinase (β (1–3)-glucanohydrolase), cellulases and chitinases). In this study, a simple method was developed using laminarin infused agarose plate for the direct analysis of the ammonium sulphate precipitates from Streptomyces rimosus AFM-1. The developed method is simple and convenient that can give accurate results even in presence of ammonium sulfate in the crude precipitates. Laminarin is a translucent substrate requiring the use of a stain to visualize the zones of hydrolysis in a plate assay. A very low-cost and locally available fluorescent optical fabric brightener Tinopal CBS-X has been used as a stain to detect the zones of hydrolysis. We also report simple methods to prepare colloidal chitin and cell free supernatant in this manuscript.

scholarly journals Stand-Alone Direct Current Power Network Based on Photovoltaics and Lithium-Ion Batteries for Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2772
Author(s):  
Vishwas Powar ◽  
Rajendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Power Network ◽  
Variable Effect ◽  
Desalination Plant ◽  
Reverse Osmosis Desalination

Plummeting reserves and increasing demand of freshwater resources have culminated into a global water crisis. Desalination is a potential solution to mitigate the freshwater shortage. However, the process of desalination is expensive and energy-intensive. Due to the water-energy-climate nexus, there is an urgent need to provide sustainable low-cost electrical power for desalination that has the lowest impact on climate and related ecosystem challenges. For a large-scale reverse osmosis desalination plant, we have proposed the design and analysis of a photovoltaics and battery-based stand-alone direct current power network. The design methodology focusses on appropriate sizing, optimum tilt and temperature compensation techniques based on 10 years of irradiation data for the Carlsbad Desalination Plant in California, USA. A decision-tree approach is employed for ensuring hourly load-generation balance. The power flow analysis evaluates self-sufficient generation even during cloud cover contingencies. The primary goal of the proposed system is to maximize the utilization of generated photovoltaic power and battery energy storage with minimal conversions and transmission losses. The direct current based topology includes high-voltage transmission, on-the-spot local inversion, situational awareness and cyber security features. Lastly, economic feasibility of the proposed system is carried out for a plant lifetime of 30 years. The variable effect of utility-scale battery storage costs for 16–18 h of operation is studied. Our results show that the proposed design will provide low electricity costs ranging from 3.79 to 6.43 ¢/kWh depending on the debt rate. Without employing the concept of baseload electric power, photovoltaics and battery-based direct current power networks for large-scale desalination plants can achieve tremendous energy savings and cost reduction with negligible carbon footprint, thereby providing affordable water for all.

Preparation of Human Immunoglobulin by Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation

Vox Sanguinis ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 423-434
Author(s):  
A.F.S.A. Habeeb ◽  
Robert D. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Human Immunoglobulin ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation

scholarly journals ThermoEnergy Ammonia Recovery Process for Municipal and Agricultural Wastes

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 908-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex G. Fassbender
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Discharge Process ◽  
Salt Crystal ◽  
Ammonia Recovery

The Ammonia Recovery Process (ARP) is an award-winning, low-cost, environmentally responsible method of recovering nitrogen, in the form of ammonia, from various dilute waste streams and converting it into concentrated ammonium sulfate. The ThermoEnergy Biogas System utilizes the new chemisorption-based ARP to recover ammonia from anaerobically digested wastes. The process provides for optimal biogas production and significantly reduced nitrogen levels in the treated water discharge. Process flows for the ammonia recovery and ThermoEnergy biogas processes are presented and discussed. A comparison with other techniques such as biological nitrogen removal is made. The ARP technology uses reversible chemisorption and double salt crystal precipitation to recover and concentrate the ammonia. The ARP technology was successfully proven in a recent large-scale field demonstration at New York City’s Oakwood Beach Wastewater Treatment Plant, located on Staten Island. This project was a joint effort with Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation, the Civil Engineering Research Foundation, and New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Independent validated plant data show that ARP consistently recovers up to 99.9% of the ammonia from the city’s centrate waste stream (derived from dewatering of sewage sludge), as ammonium sulfate. ARP technology can reduce the nitrogen (ammonia) discharged daily into local bodies of water by municipalities, concentrated animal farming operations, and industry. Recent advances to ARP enhance its performance and economic competitiveness in comparison to stripping or ammonia destruction technologies.

Desalination of brackish water for agriculture: challenges and future perspectives for seawater intrusion areas in Vietnam

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vo Huu Cong
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Seawater Intrusion ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Electrochemical Processes ◽  
Nano Filtration ◽  
Exchange Resins

Abstract This research aims to provide an overview of the seawater encroachment threat on agriculture in lowland areas and potential solutions for better practices. It was found that the Mekong river delta experiences severe impacts from climate change with more than 75% of provinces affected by seawater intrusion, of which Kien Giang, Ca Mau and Ben Tre provinces are the most influenced with 70% affected areas. The salinity of river water was observed in the range of 15–30 g/L in 2015; meanwhile, the strongest tolerated rice species reached ceiling values of 3–4 g/L. Emerging challenges were identified due to the uncertain upstream hydrological regime coupled with high levels of tide, field evaporation and water withdrawal. The development strategies of affected provinces are given on the modification of rice tolerant capacity, and modification to aquaculture in areas with high salinity, in which water purification is in urgent demand. Desalination technologies have been proposed with various innovations which are still not practical on a large scale. The desalination of seawater and brackish water by reverse osmosis, nano-filtration, electro-dialysis, ion-exchange resins, electrochemical processes and thermal distillation has been applied to agriculture. The advance reverse osmosis shows most potential because of its advances in treating performance, cost effectiveness and effective rejection of brine.

scholarly journals Relationships between thrombopoiesis and erythropoiesis: with studies of the effects of preparations of thrombopoietin and erythropoietin

Blood ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
BL Evatt ◽  
JL Spivak ◽  
J Levin
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Erythropoietic Activity ◽  
Rabbit Plasma ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation ◽  
Sequential Fractionation ◽  
Platelet Production ◽  
Cell Production

Abstract The effects of administration of partially purified human urinary erythropoietin and rabbit thrombopoietin, and of endogenously produced erythropoietin and thrombopoietin on both red cell and platelet production were examined in mice. Partially purified thrombopoietin was prepared from rabbit plasma by sequential fractionation with ammonium sulfate precipitation, and DEAE and Sephadex G-100 chromatography. Preparations of thrombopoietin and partially purified human urinary erythropoietin (NIH No. H-11-TaLSL) were administered subcutaneously to normal mice, and the rate of incorporation of selenomethionine-75 Se into platelets was measured as an index of thrombopoietic activity of the infused material. Erythropoietin and thrombopoietin were assayed for erythropoietic activity by measuring the rate of appearance of 59Fe in the red cells of posthypoxic polycythemic mice. Preparations containing thrombopoietin had barely measurable erythropoietic activity, and 7 units of partially purified erythropoietin had little thrombopoietic activity. When endogenous levels of erythropoietin were increased by hypoxia, platelet production was not enhanced. Similarly, increased levels of thrombopoietin, induced in response to thrombocytopenia produced by platelet antiserum, did not alter red cell production. These data suggest that physiologically increased levels of thrombopoietin do not stimulate erythropoiesis, and that physiologically increased levels of erythropoietn do not stimulate thrombopoiesis. However, currently available, partially purified preparations of erythropoietin and thrombopoietin may be capable of stimulating both platelet and red cell production if used in sufficient quantities.

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