Quantification of Multiple Cytokines and Chemokines Using Cytometric Bead Arrays

: Myelin is a specialized membrane allowing for saltatory conduction of action potentials in neurons, an essential process to achieve the normal communication across the nervous system. Accordingly, in diseases characterized by the loss of myelin and myelin forming cells -oligodendrocytes in the CNS-, patients show severe neurological disabilities. After a demyelinated insult, microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells invade the lesioned area initiating a spontaneous process of myelin repair (i.e. remyelination). A preserved hallmark of this neuroinflammatory scenario is a local increase of oxidative stress, where several cytokines and chemokines are released by glial and other cells. This generates an environment that determines cell interaction resulting in oligodendrocyte maturity and the ability to synthesize new myelin. Herein we review the main features of the regulatory aspect of these molecules based on recent findings and propose new putative signal molecules involved in the remyelination process, focused in the etiology of Multiple Sclerosis, one of the main demyelinating diseases causing disabilities in the population.

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The Use of Cytokines and Chemokines in the Cancer Immunotherapy

Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery ◽

10.2174/1574892811308020002 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 126-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Amedeo Amedei ◽

Domenico Prisco ◽

Mario M. D’Elios

Keyword(s):

Cancer Immunotherapy ◽

Cytokines And Chemokines

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NF-κB as a Key Mediator of Brain Inflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease

CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871527316666170807130011 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 3-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Chul Ju Hwang ◽

Dong-Young Choi ◽

Mi Hee Park ◽

Jin Tae Hong

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Close Correlation ◽

Specific Protein ◽

Brain Inflammation ◽

Cytokines And Chemokines ◽

Inflammatory Drugs ◽

Peptide Fibrils

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia. It is characterized by betaamyloid peptide fibrils which are extracellular deposition of a specific protein, accompanied by extensive neuroinflammation. Various studies show the presence of a number of inflammation markers in the AD brain: elevated inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and an accumulation of activated microglia in the damaged regions. NF-κB is a family of redox sensitive transcriptional factors, and it is known that NF-κB has binding sites in the promoter region of the genes involved in amyloidogenesis and inflammation. Long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prevents progression of AD and delays its onset, suggesting that there is a close correlation between NF-κB and AD pathogenesis. This study aims to (1) assess the association between NF-κB activity and AD through discussion of a variety of experimental and clinical studies on AD and (2) review treatment strategies designed to treat or prevent AD with NF-κB inhibitors.

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Platelets: Angels and demons dancing on the immune stage. Nutrition conducts the orchestra

Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871530320666200901183119 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

Author(s):

Thea Magrone ◽

Manrico Magrone ◽

Matteo Antonio Russo ◽

Emilio Jirillo

Keyword(s):

Platelet Function ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Dual Role ◽

Immune Functions ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Cytokines And Chemokines ◽

Adaptive Immune Cells ◽

Immune Mediated ◽

Inflammatory Processes

Background: Platelets are cellular fragments derived from bone-marrow megacaryocytes and they are mostly involved in haemostasis and coagulation. However, according to recent data, platelets are able to perform novel immune functions. In fact, they possess a receptorial armamentarium on their membrane for interacting with innate and adaptive immune cells. In addition, platelets also secrete granules which contain cytokines and chemokines for activating and recruiting even distant immune cells. Objectives: The participation of platelets in inflammatory processes will be discussed also in view of their dual role in terms of triggering or resolving inflammation. Involvement of platelets in disease will be illustrated, pointing to their versatile function to either up- or down-regulate pathological mechanisms. Finally, despite the availability of some anti-platelet agents, such as aspirin, dietary manipulation of platelet function is currently investigated. In this regard, special emphasis will be placed on dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and polyphenol effects on platelets. Conclusion: Platelets play a dual role in inflammatory-immune-mediated diseases either activating or deactivating immune cells. Diet based on substances, such as omega-3 PUFAs and polyphenols, may act as a modulator of platelet function, even if more clinical trials are needed to corroborate such a contention.

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Neuronal guidance proteins in cardiovascular inflammation

Basic Research in Cardiology ◽

10.1007/s00395-021-00847-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 116 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Marius Keller ◽

Valbona Mirakaj ◽

Michael Koeppen ◽

Peter Rosenberger

Keyword(s):

Cell Activation ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Vascular Endothelial ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Immune Cell Activation ◽

Cytokines And Chemokines ◽

The Future ◽

Cardiovascular Pathologies ◽

Neuronal Guidance

AbstractCardiovascular pathologies are often induced by inflammation. The associated changes in the inflammatory response influence vascular endothelial biology; they complicate the extent of ischaemia and reperfusion injury, direct the migration of immune competent cells and activate platelets. The initiation and progression of inflammation is regulated by the classical paradigm through the system of cytokines and chemokines. Therapeutic approaches have previously used this knowledge to control the extent of cardiovascular changes with varying degrees of success. Neuronal guidance proteins (NGPs) have emerged in recent years and have been shown to be significantly involved in the control of tissue inflammation and the mechanisms of immune cell activation. Therefore, proteins of this class might be used in the future as targets to control the extent of inflammation in the cardiovascular system. In this review, we describe the role of NGPs during cardiovascular inflammation and highlight potential therapeutic options that could be explored in the future.

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