Interaction Between Physical Activity and Genetic Factors in Complex Metabolic Disease

ObjectivesTo determine the association between moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) trajectories (course over age and time) through the adult life course and onset of metabolic disease (diabetes and dyslipidaemia).MethodsWe analysed prospective community-based cohort data of 5115 participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study, who were black and white men and women aged 18–30 years at baseline (1985–1986) at four urban sites, collected through 30 years of follow-up. Individualised MVPA trajectories were developed for each participant using linear mixed models.ResultsLower estimated MVPA score at age 18 was associated with a 12% (95% CI 6% to 18%) higher odds of incident diabetes, a 4% (95% CI 1% to 7%) higher odds of incident low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and a 6% (95% CI 2% to 11%) higher odds of incident high triglycerides. Each additional annual 1-unit reduction in the MVPA score was associated with a 6% (95% CI 4% to 9%) higher annual odds of diabetes incidence and a 4% (95% CI 2% to 6%) higher annual odds of high triglyceride incidence. Analysing various MVPA trajectory groups, participants who were in the most active group at age 18 (over 300 min/week), but with sharp declines in midlife, had higher odds of high low-density lipoprotein and low HDL incidence, compared with those in the most active group at age 18 with subsequent gains.ConclusionGiven recent trends in declining MVPA across the life course and associated metabolic disease risk, young adulthood is an important time period for interventions to increase and begin the maintenance of MVPA.

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“Childhood Obesity its Factors, Complications and Impact on Overall Health in Children”

10.47363/jftns/2021(3)117 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Asma Saghir Khan

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Childhood Obesity ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Family Influences ◽

Childhood Overweight And Obesity ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Obesity And Overweight

Childhood, overweight and obesity are increasingly significant problems, and ones that are likely to endure and to have long term adverse influences on the health of individuals and populations unless action is taken to reverse the trend. A number of factors have been suggested as contributing to the development of childhood obesity. These include genetic factors, decreasing levels of physical activity, increased time spent in sedentary behavior and changes in diet. In addition, lifestyle factors, including family influences, changes in society and media advertising, have been associated with the increasing incidence of obesity and overweight in childhood. To address the problem, health care professionals should incorporate appropriate screening in their child practice. Comprehensive assessment of children who are, or who are at risk of becoming, obese is also necessary

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Barriers in translating preclinical rodent exercise metabolism findings to human health

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00683.2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kelly N. Z. Fuller ◽

John P. Thyfault

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Metabolic Disease ◽

Human Health ◽

Physical Inactivity ◽

Rodent Models ◽

Nutrient Metabolism ◽

Exercise Metabolism ◽

Housing Temperature ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Physical inactivity and low aerobic capacity are primary drivers of chronic disease pathophysiology and are independently associated with all-cause mortality. Conversely, increased physical activity and exercise are central to metabolic disease prevention and longevity. Although these relationships are well characterized in the literature, what remains incompletely understood are the mechanisms by which physical activity/exercise prevents disease. Given methodological constraints of clinical research, investigators must often rely on preclinical rodent models to investigate these potential underlying mechanisms. However, there are several key barriers to translating exercise metabolism findings from rodent models to application in human health. These barriers include housing temperature, nutrient metabolism, exercise modality, exercise testing, and sex differences. Increased awareness and understanding of these barriers will enhance the ability to impact human health through more appropriate experimental design and interpretation of data within the context of these factors.

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Energy balance and weight regulation: genetics versus environment

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114500000908 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 83 (S1) ◽

pp. S17-S20 ◽

Cited By ~ 93

Author(s):

Eric Ravussin ◽

Clifton Bogardus

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Food Intake ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

Weight Regulation ◽

Industrialized Countries ◽

Pima Indians ◽

Successful Therapy ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

Spontaneous Physical Activity

The prevalence of obesity is reaching epidemic proportions in many industrialized countries. There is growing evidence that, even if the trigger of this epidemic is found in changes in the environment, genes are interacting with the environment to cause weight gain. Studies of twins reared apart indicate that approximately two-thirds of the variability in BMI is attributed to genetic factors. From prospective studies in Pima Indians we can ascribe 12 % of the variability in BMI to metabolic rate, 5 % to fat oxidation, and another probable 10 % to the level of spontaneous physical activity. These data indicate that at least 40 % of the variability in BMI is related to genetic factors involved in the regulation of food intake and/or volitional activity. This indicates that the most likely successful therapy for obesity may target pathways of the regulation of food intake. Similarly, an environment favouring engagement in physical activity should be promoted.

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Objectively Measured Physical Activity Is Associated With Body Composition and Metabolic Profiles of Pacific and New Zealand European Women With Different Metabolic Disease Risks

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.684782 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Joanne Slater ◽

Rozanne Kruger ◽

Jeroen Douwes ◽

Wendy J. O’Brien ◽

Marine Corbin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Metabolic Disease ◽

Body Composition ◽

New Zealand ◽

Plasma Insulin ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Metabolic Disease Risk ◽

Fasting Plasma ◽

Disease Risks ◽

Fasting Plasma Insulin

Objective: To assess associations between physical activity (PA), body composition, and biomarkers of metabolic health in Pacific and New Zealand European (NZE) women who are known to have different metabolic disease risks.Methods: Pacific (n = 142) or NZE (n = 162) women aged 18–45 years with a self-reported body mass index (BMI) of either 18.5–25.0 kg⋅m–2 or ≥30.0 kg⋅m–2 were recruited and subsequently stratified as either low (<35%) or high (≥35%) BF%, with approximately half of each group in either category. Seven-day accelerometery was used to assess PA levels. Fasting blood was analysed for biomarkers of metabolic health, and whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to estimate body composition.Results: Mean moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; min⋅day–1) levels differed between BF% (p < 0.05) and ethnic (p < 0.05) groups: Pacific high- 19.1 (SD 15.2) and low-BF% 26.3 (SD 15.6) and NZE high- 30.5 (SD 19.1) and low-BF% 39.1 (SD 18.4). On average Pacific women in the low-BF% group engaged in significantly less total PA when compared to NZE women in the low-BF% group (133 cpm); no ethnic difference in mean total PA (cpm) between high-BF% groups were observed: Pacific high- 607 (SD 185) and low-BF% 598 (SD 168) and NZE high- 674 (SD 210) and low-BF% 731 (SD 179). Multiple linear regression analysis controlling for age and deprivation showed a significant inverse association between increasing total PA and fasting plasma insulin among Pacific women; every 100 cpm increase in total PA was associated with a 6% lower fasting plasma insulin; no significant association was observed in NZE women. For both Pacific and NZE women, there was an 8% reduction in fasting plasma insulin for every 10-min increase in MVPA (p ≤ 0.05).Conclusion: Increases in total PA and MVPA are associated with lower fasting plasma insulin, thus indicating a reduction in metabolic disease risk. Importantly, compared to NZE, the impact of increased total PA on fasting insulin may be greater in Pacific women. Considering Pacific women are a high metabolic disease risk population, these pre-clinical responses to PA may be important in this population; indicating promotion of PA in Pacific women should remain a priority.

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