Extreme Weather Events Under a Changing Climate: A Brief Context for Brazil and the Role of the Health Sector

2019 ◽  
pp. 293-314
Author(s):  
Júlia Alves Menezes ◽  
Rhavena Barbosa dos Santos ◽  
Felipe Vommaro ◽  
Ulisses Confalonieri ◽  
Martha Macêdo de Lima Barata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Sector ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Weather Events

Reliability, Resilience and the Oncoming Wave of Retiring Baseload Units, Volume I: The Critical Role of Thermal Units During Extreme Weather Events

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Balash, PhD ◽  
Kenneth C. Kern ◽  
John Brewer ◽  
Justin Adder ◽  
Christopher Nichols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Weather Events

scholarly journals On the Attribution of a Single Event to Climate Change

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (22) ◽  
pp. 8297-8301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerrit Hansen ◽  
Maximilian Auffhammer ◽  
Andrew R. Solow
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Attributable Risk ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Single Event ◽  
Weather Events

Abstract There is growing interest in assessing the role of climate change in observed extreme weather events. Recent work in this area has focused on estimating a measure called attributable risk. A statistical formulation of this problem is described and used to construct a confidence interval for attributable risk. The resulting confidence is shown to be surprisingly wide even in the case where the event of interest is unprecedented in the historical record.

scholarly journals Unravelling resilience mechanisms in forests: role of non-structural carbohydrates in responding to extreme weather events

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ettore D’Andrea ◽  
Andrea Scartazza ◽  
Alberto Battistelli ◽  
Alessio Collalti ◽  
Simona Proietti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
List Type ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Late Frost

SummaryExtreme weather events are increasing in frequency and intensity due to global climate change. We hypothesized that these have a strong impact on the stem radial growth and the dynamic of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs).In order to assess the effects on mature trees of a late frost occurred in spring 2016 and a drought event characterizing the summer 2017, we monitored the phenology, the radial growth and the dynamic of starch and soluble sugars in a Mediterranean beech forest.Growth was much more reduced by spring late frost than by summer drought, while NSCs dynamic was deeply involved in counteracting the negative effects of both events, supporting plant survival and buffering source-sink imbalances under such stressful conditions, resulting in a strong trade-off between growth and NSCs dynamic in trees.Overall, our results highlight the key role of NSCs on trees resilience to extreme weather events, confirming the relevant adaptability to stressful conditions. Such an insight is useful to assess how forests may respond to the potential impacts of climate change on ecosystem processes and to define how future management strategies can help adaptation of beech forests in the Mediterranean area.

scholarly journals Endocrinology of thermoregulation in birds in a changing climate

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suvi Ruuskanen ◽  
Bin-Yan Hsu ◽  
Andreas Nord
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Endocrine Regulation ◽  
Thermal Environments ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Wide Range

The ability to maintain a (relatively) stable body temperature in a wide range of thermal environments is a unique feature of endotherms such as birds. Endothermy is acquired and regulated via various endocrine and molecular pathways, and ultimately allows wide aerial, aquatic, and terrestrial distribution in variable environments. However, due to our changing climate, birds are faced with potential new challenges for thermoregulation, such as more frequent extreme weather events, lower predictability of climate, and increasing mean temperature. We provide a compact overview on thermoregulation in birds and its endocrine and molecular mechanisms, pinpointing gaps in current knowledge and recent developments, focusing especially on non-model species to understand the generality of, and variation in, mechanisms. We highlight plasticity in thermoregulation and underlying endocrine regulation, because thorough understanding of plasticity is key to predicting responses to changing environmental conditions. To this end, we discuss how changing climate is likely to affect avian thermoregulation and associated endocrine traits, and how the interplay between these physiological processes may play a role in facilitating or constraining adaptation to a changing climate. We conclude that while the general patterns of endocrine regulation of thermogenesis are quite well understood, at least in poultry, the molecular and endocrine mechanisms that regulate e.g. mitochondria function and plasticity of thermoregulation over different time scales (from transgenerational to daily variation) need to be unveiled. Plasticity may ameliorate climate change effects on thermoregulation to some extent, but the increased frequency of extreme weather events, and associated in resource availability, may be beyond the scope and/or speed for plastic responses. This could lead to selection for more tolerant phenotypes, if the underlying physiological traits harbour genetic and individual variation for selection to act on – a key question for future research.

scholarly journals Insurance Against Extreme Weather Events: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-95
Author(s):  
Kati Kraehnert ◽  
Daniel Osberghaus ◽  
Christian Hott ◽  
Lemlem Teklegiorgis Habtemariam ◽  
Frank Wätzold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
The State ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
State Of Research

Abstract Extreme weather events increasingly threaten the economic situation of households and enterprises around the world. Insurance against extreme weather events is among the climate change adaptation instruments that are currently discussed by the policy community. This overview paper provides a synopsis of the state of research on insurance against extreme weather events, outlining advantages and limitations inherent in three main types of insurance: indemnity-based insurance, index-based insurance, and insurance-linked securities. The paper discusses issues related to insurance uptake, distributional effects, misleading incentives and potentially negative side effects, as well as the role of the state.

scholarly journals Landslides in West Coast metropolitan areas: The role of extreme weather events

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 67-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Biasutti ◽  
Richard Seager ◽  
Dalia B. Kirschbaum
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Weather Events

scholarly journals Responses of Insect Pests and Plant Diseases to Changing and Variable Climate: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rumbidzai D. Katsaruware-Chapoto ◽  
Paramu L. Mafongoya ◽  
Augustine Gubba
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Weather Events

Natural and anthropogenic factors have resulted in altered environmental conditions that influence changes in abundance and diversity of insect pests. Global climate change projections focus on crop yields and adaptation strategies to declining yields and ignore the likely impact of a changing climate on insect pests and plant diseases. In this research paper, we review the effects of climate variables namely temperature, carbon dioxide (CO2), precipitation and extreme weather events on insect pests and plant diseases incidence. Elevated temperatures, CO2 and extreme weather events have been shown to alter the distribution, reproductive potential, the incidence and abundance of plant insects and diseases in temperate regions because of the dependence of insects and diseases on environmental conditions. There is limited information on the influence of temperature and carbon dioxide as well as their interaction on the incidence and severity of insect pests, bacterial and viral diseases in the tropical regions. Information on the influence of altered precipitation patterns is also limited but could be of importance in insect distribution studies in a changing climate. Some tropical insects pests are most likely to suffer from extreme heat, resulting in death and hence pest extinction. Future research should focus on the interaction of elevated temperature and CO2, determine the influence of supra optimal summer temperatures, temperature variability, precipitation variability and the corresponding viral and bacterial diseases.

Lay Detection of Unusual Patterns in the Frequency of Hurricanes

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Dryden ◽  
M. Granger Morgan ◽  
Stephen Broomell
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
The Public ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Hurricane Season ◽  
Future Work

AbstractAn increase in the severity of extreme weather is arguably one of the most important consequences of climate change with immediate and potentially devastating impacts. Recent events, like Hurricane Harvey, stimulated public discourse surrounding the role of climate change in amplifying, or otherwise modifying, the patterns of such events. Within the scientific community, recent years have witnessed considerable progress on “climate attribution”—the use of statistical techniques to assess the probability that climate change is influencing the character of some extreme weather events. Using a novel application of signal detection theory, this article assesses when, and to what extent, laypeople attribute changes in hurricanes to climate change and whether and how certain characteristics predict this decision. The results show that people attribute hurricanes to climate change based on their preexisting climate beliefs and numeracy. Respondents who were more dubious about the existence of climate change (and more numerate) required a greater degree of evidence (i.e., a more extreme world) before they were willing to suggest that an unusual hurricane season might be influenced by climate change. However, those who have doubts were still willing to make these attributions when hurricane behavior becomes sufficiently extreme. In general, members of the public who hold different prior views about climate change are not in complete disagreement about the evidence they perceive, which leaves the possibility for future work to explore ways to bring such judgments back into alignment.

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