Part I: The Ideal Conception of Medicine and the Medical Profession Through the Ages

Author(s):  
Rudolf Ramm
Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
Alberto González García

RESUMEN Se analizan las campañas de vacunación antidiftérica llevadas a cabo en España durante la posguerra a través de las noticias publicadas en el diario La Vanguardia para conocer los ejes ideológico y operativo de la política sanitaria divulgados en la prensa general. Más concretamente, se analiza cómo se representó, por un lado, la implicación de la Sección Femenina de Falange en las actividades vacunales del período histórico objeto de estudio y, por otro, cómo el discurso médico evoluciona a lo largo del tiempo. Se han utilizado aquellos artículos publicados en el diario La Vanguardia relacionados con la Sección Femenina y con la práctica vacunal. La política sanitaria de posguerra se caracterizó en un primer período por la lucha contra la mortalidad infantil y el aumento de la natalidad. A partir de 1945 el seguimiento y la adopción de medidas consensuadas internacionalmente fueron incorporados a las publicaciones en un intento por mostrar el esfuerzo del régimen por tomar parte en las iniciativas internacionales de la época. La actividad sanitaria de la Sección Femenina se convirtió en lugar de confluencia de varios niveles de subordinación: como organización de mujeres, estaba sujeta a los dictámenes del discurso político, así como a los dictámenes del discurso científico. Como responsable de labores sanitarias conformaba el ejemplo ideal de profesión sanitaria femenina, con tareas de cuidado materno-infantil basadas en su carácter intuitivo y filantrópico, no consideradas como trabajo productivo.   PALABRAS CLAVE: Sección Femenina, franquismo, difteria, vacunación (1940-1955), profesión médica   ABSTRACT Diphtheria vaccination campaigns carried out in Spain during the postwar period were analyzed in order to discover the ideological and operational axes of health policy disseminated in general press reports. More specifically, how the involvement of the Women’s Section of the Falange in vaccination activities was represented as well as how the medical discourse evolved over time. Those articles published in the La Vanguardia newspaper related to the Women’s Section role and vaccination have been used here. Postwar health policy was characterized in its first period by the fight against infant mortality and for an increased birth rate. From 1945, monitoring and internationally agreed measures were incorporated into publications in an attempt to show the efforts of the regime to take part in international initiatives in that period. The health activities of the Women’s Section became a place of confluence of several levels of subordination: as a women’s organization it was subject to the dictates of political discourse as well as the opinions of scientific discourse. As they were involved in health care work, their activities conformed with the ideal example of the female health professional, with maternal care tasks based on their intuitive and philanthropic character and not considered to be productive work.   KEY WORDS: Women’s Section, Franco’s regime, diphtheria, vaccination (1940-1955), medical profession


2021 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-380
Author(s):  
Bogdan Chazan ◽  
Elvis I. Šeman ◽  
Simon Walley

MaterCare International (MCI) is an international group of Catholic obstetricians and gynecologists, which has adopted a preferential option for mothers and babies. MCI’s mission is to carry out the work of Evangelium Vitae (the Gospel of Life) by improving the lives and health of mothers and babies, both born and unborn. This is achieved through new initiatives of service, training, research, and advocacy, which are designed to reduce the tragic levels of abortion world-wide, and maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This paper describes the history of MCI’s formation, how it developed and applied a model of comprehensive rural maternity care for developing countries, and numerous other activities upholding the dignity of life and providing advocacy for women and their children. The future of MCI lies in our answer to the 2001 call of Saint Pope John Paul II to the medical profession to “commit whole-heartedly to the service of human life … promoting the ideal of unambiguous service to the miracle of life!”


Author(s):  
M.S. Shahrabadi ◽  
T. Yamamoto

The technique of labeling of macromolecules with ferritin conjugated antibody has been successfully used for extracellular antigen by means of staining the specimen with conjugate prior to fixation and embedding. However, the ideal method to determine the location of intracellular antigen would be to do the antigen-antibody reaction in thin sections. This technique contains inherent problems such as the destruction of antigenic determinants during fixation or embedding and the non-specific attachment of conjugate to the embedding media. Certain embedding media such as polyampholytes (2) or cross-linked bovine serum albumin (3) have been introduced to overcome some of these problems.


Author(s):  
William B. McCombs ◽  
Cameron E. McCoy

Recent years have brought a reversal in the attitude of the medical profession toward the diagnosis of viral infections. Identification of bacterial pathogens was formerly thought to be faster than identification of viral pathogens. Viral identification was dismissed as being of academic interest or for confirming the presence of an epidemic, because the patient would recover or die before this could be accomplished. In the past 10 years, the goal of virologists has been to present the clinician with a viral identification in a matter of hours. This fast diagnosis has the potential for shortening the patient's hospital stay and preventing the administering of toxic and/or expensive antibiotics of no benefit to the patient.


Author(s):  
R. A. Crowther

The reconstruction of a three-dimensional image of a specimen from a set of electron micrographs reduces, under certain assumptions about the imaging process in the microscope, to the mathematical problem of reconstructing a density distribution from a set of its plane projections.In the absence of noise we can formulate a purely geometrical criterion, which, for a general object, fixes the resolution attainable from a given finite number of views in terms of the size of the object. For simplicity we take the ideal case of projections collected by a series of m equally spaced tilts about a single axis.


Author(s):  
R. Beeuwkes ◽  
A. Saubermann ◽  
P. Echlin ◽  
S. Churchill

Fifteen years ago, Hall described clearly the advantages of the thin section approach to biological x-ray microanalysis, and described clearly the ratio method for quantitive analysis in such preparations. In this now classic paper, he also made it clear that the ideal method of sample preparation would involve only freezing and sectioning at low temperature. Subsequently, Hall and his coworkers, as well as others, have applied themselves to the task of direct x-ray microanalysis of frozen sections. To achieve this goal, different methodological approachs have been developed as different groups sought solutions to a common group of technical problems. This report describes some of these problems and indicates the specific approaches and procedures developed by our group in order to overcome them. We acknowledge that the techniques evolved by our group are quite different from earlier approaches to cryomicrotomy and sample handling, hence the title of our paper. However, such departures from tradition have been based upon our attempt to apply basic physical principles to the processes involved. We feel we have demonstrated that such a break with tradition has valuable consequences.


Author(s):  
G. Van Tendeloo ◽  
J. Van Landuyt ◽  
S. Amelinckx

Polytypism has been studied for a number of years and a wide variety of stacking sequences has been detected and analysed. SiC is the prototype material in this respect; see e.g. Electron microscopy under high resolution conditions when combined with x-ray measurements is a very powerful technique to elucidate the correct stacking sequence or to study polytype transformations and deviations from the ideal stacking sequence.


Author(s):  
N. Bonnet ◽  
M. Troyon ◽  
P. Gallion

Two main problems in high resolution electron microscopy are first, the existence of gaps in the transfer function, and then the difficulty to find complex amplitude of the diffracted wawe from registered intensity. The solution of this second problem is in most cases only intended by the realization of several micrographs in different conditions (defocusing distance, illuminating angle, complementary objective apertures…) which can lead to severe problems of contamination or radiation damage for certain specimens.Fraunhofer holography can in principle solve both problems stated above (1,2). The microscope objective is strongly defocused (far-field region) so that the two diffracted beams do not interfere. The ideal transfer function after reconstruction is then unity and the twin image do not overlap on the reconstructed one.We show some applications of the method and results of preliminary tests.Possible application to the study of cavitiesSmall voids (or gas-filled bubbles) created by irradiation in crystalline materials can be observed near the Scherzer focus, but it is then difficult to extract other informations than the approximated size.


Author(s):  
K.-H. Herrmann ◽  
D. Krahl ◽  
H.-P Rust

The high detection quantum efficiency (DQE) is the main requirement for an imagerecording system used in electron microscopy of radiation-sensitive specimens. An electronic TV system of the type shown in Fig. 1 fulfills these conditions and can be used for either analog or digital image storage and processing [1], Several sources of noise may reduce the DQE, and therefore a careful selection of various elements is imperative.The noise of target and of video amplifier can be neglected when the converter stages produce sufficient target electrons per incident primary electron. The required gain depends on the type of the tube and also on the type of the signal processing chosen. For EBS tubes, for example, it exceeds 10. The ideal case, in which all impinging electrons create uniform charge peaks at the target, is not obtainable for several reasons, and these will be discussed as they relate to a system with a scintillator, fiber-optic and photo-cathode combination as the first stage.


Author(s):  
T. Ichinokawa ◽  
H. Maeda

I. IntroductionThermionic electron gun with the Wehnelt grid is popularly used in the electron microscopy and electron beam micro-fabrication. It is well known that this gun could get the ideal brightness caluculated from the Lengumier and Richardson equations under the optimum condition. However, the design and ajustment to the optimum condition is not so easy. The gun has following properties with respect to the Wehnelt bias; (1) The maximum brightness is got only in the optimum bias. (2) In the larger bias than the optimum, the brightness decreases with increasing the bias voltage on account of the space charge effect. (3) In the smaller bias than the optimum, the brightness decreases with bias voltage on account of spreading of the cross over spot due to the aberrations of the electrostatic immersion lens.In the present experiment, a new type electron gun with the electrostatic and electromagnetic lens is designed, and its properties are examined experimentally.


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