Siderophores Mediated Iron Acquisition and Virulence of Brown Rot Disease in Stone Fruits Caused by Monilinia fructicola in Jammu and Kashmir

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-68
Author(s):  
Sadia Ashraf ◽  
Kalyani Dhusia ◽  
Susheel Verma
Keyword(s):  
Iron Acquisition ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Rot Disease

scholarly journals First Report of Brown Rot Caused by Monilinia fructicola Affecting Peach Orchards in Slovenia

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (9) ◽  
pp. 1166-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Munda ◽  
M. Viršček Marn
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
The European Union ◽  
First Report ◽  
Representative Isolate

Monilinia fructicola, the causal agent of brown rot, is a destructive fungal pathogen that affects mainly stone fruits (Prunoideae). It causes fruit rot, blossom wilt, twig blight, and canker formation and is common in North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand. M. fructicola is listed as a quarantine pathogen in the European Union and was absent from this region until 2001 when it was detected in France. In August 2009, mature peaches (Prunus persica cv. Royal Glory) with brown rot were found in a 5-year-old orchard in Goriška, western Slovenia. Symptoms included fruit lesions and mummified fruits. Lesions were brown, round, rapidly extending, and covered with abundant gray-to-buff conidial tufts. The pathogen was isolated in pure culture and identified based on morphological and molecular characters. Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) incubated at 25°C in darkness had an average daily growth rate of 7.7 mm. They were initially colorless and later they were light gray with black stromatal plates and dense, hazel sporogenous mycelium. Colony margins were even. Sporulation was abundant and usually developed in distinct concentric zones. Limoniform conidia, produced in branched chains, measured 10.1 to 17.7 μm (mean = 12.1 μm) × 6.2 to 8.6 μm (mean = 7.3 μm) on PDA. Germinating conidia produced single germ tubes whose mean length ranged from 251 to 415 μm. Microconidia were abundant, globose, and 3 μm in diameter. Morphological characters resembled those described for M. fructicola (1). Morphological identification was confirmed by amplifying genomic DNA of isolates with M. fructicola species-specific primers (2–4). Sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (spanning ITS1 and ITS 2 plus 5.8 rDNA) of a representative isolate was generated using primers ITS1 and ITS4 and deposited in GenBank (Accession No. GU967379). BLAST analysis of the 516-bp PCR product revealed 100% identity with several sequences deposited for M. fructicola in NCBI GenBank. Pathogenicity was tested by inoculating five mature surface-sterilized peaches with 10 μl of a conidial suspension (104 conidia ml–1) obtained from one representative isolate. Sterile distilled water was used as a control. Peaches were wounded prior to inoculation. After 5 days of incubation at room temperature and 100% relative humidity, typical brown rot symptoms developed around the inoculation point, while controls showed no symptoms. M. fructicola was reisolated from lesion margins. Peach and nectarine orchards in a 5-km radius from the outbreak site were surveyed in September 2009 and M. fructicola was confirmed on mummified fruits from seven orchards. The pathogen was not detected in orchards from other regions of the country, where only the two endemic species M. laxa and M. fructigena were present. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. fructicola associated with brown rot of stone fruits in Slovenia. References: (1) L. R. Batra. Page 106 in: World Species of Monilinia (Fungi): Their Ecology, Biosystematics and Control. J. Cramer, Berlin, 1991. (2) M.-J. Côté et al. Plant Dis. 88:1219, 2004. (3) K. J. D. Hughes et al. EPPO Bull. 30:507, 2000. (4) R. Ioos and P. Frey. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 106:373, 2000.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on the Discharge and Germination of Ascospores by Apothecia of Monilinia fructicola

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanxue Hong ◽  
Themis J. Michailides
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Fresno County ◽  
Ascospore Germination ◽  
Daily Discharge ◽  
Germ Tubes

Naturally growing apothecia of Monilinia fructicola were collected from two commercial plum orchards near Reedley and Sanger, both in Fresno County, California. Ascospore discharges from 90 (1996) and 86 (1997) apothecia were monitored individually using spore traps at four constant temperatures. The period of discharge decreased as temperature increased from 10 to 25°C. However, daily discharge increased as temperature increased from 10 to 15°C and remained high at 20 and 25°C. The greatest discharge occurred with apothecia at 15°C, followed by those incubated at 20, 10, and 25°C. The germination of ascospores of M. fructicola and the length of germ tubes increased as temperature increased from 7 to 15°C; however, increasing temperatures above 15°C did not increase either ascospore germination or length of germ tubes. This information may help in the development of warning systems and management strategies for brown rot blossom blight of stone fruits.

Brown rot of stone fruits on the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Areas. II. Aetiology of the disease in Trevatt apricot trees

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
PF Kable
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Stone Fruits

Blossom blight is of economic importance in apricots on the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Areas (MIA), but fruit rot is not. Monilinia fructicola generally does not overwinter effectively in apricot trees in the MIA, the inocula for primary infections coming from nearby peach plantations. Blighted blossoms in apricot trees, which flower a week before peaches, may provide inoculum for blighting of flowers in the latter crop. In apricot trees, unlike peach, there is a continuous infection chain from flowering till harvest. Inoculum may pass from apricot to peach in December and January, thus bridging a gap in the infection chain in peach. The infection chain in apricot is described. Latent and quiescent infections were observed. The implications of the exchange of inoculum between peach and apricot are discussed.

scholarly journals Relevance of the main postharvest handling operations on the development of brown rot disease on stone fruits

2017 ◽  
Vol 97 (15) ◽  
pp. 5319-5326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Bernat ◽  
Joan Segarra ◽  
Carla Casals ◽  
Neus Teixidó ◽  
Rosario Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Postharvest Handling ◽  
Rot Disease

Cloning and differential expression of a plum single repeat-MYB, PdMYB3, in compatible and incompatible interactions during fungal infection

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashraf El-kereamy ◽  
Subramanian Jayasankar
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Myb Transcription Factor ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Incompatible Interactions

El-kereamy, A. and Jayasankar, S. 2013. Cloning and differential expression of a plum single repeat-MYB, PdMYB3, in compatible and incompatible interactions during fungal infection. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 599–605. Enhancing resistance to pathogen attack through conventional breeding is a major challenge, especially in perennial species. Monilinia fructicola fungal infection causes brown rot disease, resulting in economic damage of stone fruits at flowering, pre- and post-harvest stages. The molecular mechanism of resistance to this disease is still not known. In the present study, we cloned and analyzed the expression of a novel MYB transcription factor from European plums (PdMYB3) induced in response to M. fructicola fungal infection. The identified PdMYB3 is a single repeat-MYB protein that contains a conserved SHAQKYF motif. Monilinia fructicola infection induces the expression of PdMYB3 in fruits of four cultivars within 24 h; however, it is differentially expressed in the susceptible and resistant varieties. By comparing four different cultivars we found that PdMYB3 is induced in much higher levels in the susceptible cultivars than the resistant ones. In addition the PdMYB3 expression is higher in the early stages of fruit development prior to pit hardening, suggesting a potential role for PdMYB3 during this stage. Promoter analysis revealed the presence of some hormone cis-elements suggesting a possible role for PdMYB3 gene in transmitting a signal from the hormonal pathways to downstream components during host-pathogen interactions.

scholarly journals Population Structure of Brown Rot Fungi on Stone Fruits in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1284-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-qiong Zhu ◽  
Xiao-yu Chen ◽  
Li-yun Guo
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Monilia Polystroma

In total, 455 Monilinia isolates from stone fruits collected from several provinces (cities) in China from 2003 to 2009 were identified to species based on morphological characteristics, molecular identification, and the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions 1 and 2 and the 5.8S gene of the ribosomal RNA. Overall, four species were detected (Monilinia fructicola, M. fructigena, M. laxa, and Monilia polystroma). M. fructicola was the most prevalent (93.0%) followed by M. fructigena (4.8%), M. laxa (2.0%), and Monilia polystroma (0.2%). M. fructicola and M. fructigena were found on peach, plum, and apricot; M. laxa was found only on apricot, cherry (in an organic orchard), and wild peach; and Monilia polystroma was found only on plum in Heilongjiang. The pathogenicity of Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa, and M. fructigena did not significantly differ on wounded nectarine and apricot, indicating that the differences in frequency of occurrence were not linked to virulence. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences showed that the isolates of M. laxa and M. fructigena from China differed from isolates of these species from other countries, and that the difference led to the separation of the isolates from China and those from other countries into different phylogenetic groups. Further study is needed to determine whether they are cryptic species.

scholarly journals Characterization of M. laxa and M. fructigena isolates from Hungary with MP-PCR

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 116-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sz. Sződi ◽  
H. Komjáti ◽  
Gy. Turóczi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Monilinia Laxa ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Population Structure Analysis ◽  
Total Genetic Diversity ◽  
Biological Methods

Monilinia laxa (Monilia laxa), Monilinia fructicola (Monilia fructicola) and Monilinia fructigena (Monilia fructigena) are the causal agents of brown rot on pome and stone fruits in Hungary. Forty-five isolates collected from different hosts, different years in several orchards were used for characterization of the M. laxa and M. fructigena population in Hungary. The isolates were identified on species level based on morphological and molecular biological methods; out of these 24 were M. laxa, 20 were M. fructigena and 1 was M. fructicola. Populations of the three Monilinia species were studied with microsatellite primers and the degree of genetic diversity within the species was measured. The population structure analysis revealed that genetic diversity within M. laxa subpopulations was H<sub>S</sub>= 0.1599, while within M. fructigena subpopulations was H<sub>S</sub>= 0.2551. The total genetic diversity was H<sub>T</sub>= 0.3846, while genetic diversity between M. laxa and M. fructigena subpopulations was D<sub>ST</sub>= 0.1771. No clustering relationship was observed among isolates by the different years or hosts.

scholarly journals Species-Specific Detection of Monilinia fructicola from California Stone Fruits and Flowers

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 428-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. A. Boehm ◽  
Z. Ma ◽  
T. J. Michailides
Keyword(s):  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Fungal Dna ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Dna Template

A set of molecular diagnostics was developed for Monilinia fructicola, causal agent of brown rot of stone fruits, capable of sensitive detection of the pathogen in planta. Species-specific repetitive sequences were identified from a partial library of 312 recombinant clones hybridized with total DNA, followed by subsequent screening for specificity. One hundred isolates, comprising 12 fungal species common to California stone fruits, were surveyed for specificity. Three clones hybridized to 60 geographically diverse M. fructicola isolates (California, Michigan, Georgia, Oregon, and Australia) to the exclusion of all other fungi surveyed, including the closely related M. laxa (n = 12). Two clones were identical and of extrachromosomal origin (pMF73 and pMF150), whereas the third (pMF210) migrated with uncut DNA. The sensitivity of all three was comparable and capable of detecting 50 pg of fungal DNA in dot blot hybridizations. Six species-specific primer pair sets were designed. They maintained the same specificity patterns observed in the initial hybridization surveys and were sensitive enough to detect 50 fg of fungal DNA template, approximately equivalent to 10 spores. The species-specific clones were capable of detecting the pathogen in planta, specifically from infected plum flowers and nectarine fruit tissue, using both hybridization- and polymerase chain reaction-based methodologies.

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