scholarly journals The Comeback of the Old Theological Narratives During the Coronavirus Crisis: A Critical Reflection

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Jan Loffeld

AbstractMartin Luther had no doubt about it: diseases were a punishment from God. In espousing this view, Luther, who was one of the first people to translate the Bible from Greek into another language, stood on firm biblical grounds. For the Semitic people of the biblical world, this causal connection had been self-evident as well. Diseases, plagues, catastrophes were the consequences of the sin that people commit. Ultimately, the intuition that evil is the result of sin is the basis for the adage that adversity causes people to pray: sooner or later, human beings will be confronted with the contingency of their own lives, which, in the Christian perspective, is rooted in the fact that creation has fallen into sin. This is why the idea that adversity causes people to pray is often trotted out in times of crisis even though it has long been empirically disproven.

Author(s):  
Éric Baratay

Christianity has given a great deal of thought to animals in its effort to situate Man with regard to Creation, and to forge a mental image of the latter. This task was carried out by relying on the Bible, particularly the Old Testament, though its often unclear and elliptical treatment of animals also led theologians to call on the Greek philosophers to interpret it. This move was to eventually impose the obvious and presumably "natural" idea of Man's divine origin and that of the inferiority of animal creatures.  The animal got reduced to a material, mortal being bereft of any afterlife, destined to materially service human beings, or perhaps even to yield spiritual support to them by helping them to think of God. It was not until the 18th and 19th centuries that a minority of clerics, pastors and faithful, most often Protestants, though joined later by a lesser number of Catholics, sought to re-evaluate the animal from a Christian perspective, by reconsidering its nature, fate and role at Man's side. They thus deconstructed a conception constructed by history, one which was actually incongruent with Christianity.  In accordance with Durkheim's model of religion, such changes are not of a theological but social and cultural nature, Christianity serving in this process both as a reflection and a justification of ideas extraneous to it. El cristianismo ha meditado mucho sobre el animal para situar al hombre en la creación y para pensar en ella. Esto lo hace basándose en la Biblia, principalmente en el Antiguo Testamento, aunque su contenido a menudo es poco concreto y elíptico sobre los animales, lo cual ha llevado a los teólogos a ayudarse de teorías filosóficas griegas para interpretarlo. Dicho proceso poco a poco ha impuesto la convicción evidente, es decir, "natural", del origen divino del hombre y de una inferioridad del animal, considerado como una criatura material, mortal, sin futuro en el más allá, consagrado a servir de forma material a los hombres, incluso ayudándoles a nivel espiritual y para pensar en Dios. Sólo a partir de los siglos XVIII y XIX una minoría de clérigos, pastores y fieles, principalmente protestantes aunque también católicos en menor número y de forma más tardía, inició una revalorización cristiana del animal. Dichas voces minoritarias también han considerado la naturaleza del animal, su futuro y su papel junto al del hombre, desmontando así un concepto históricamente construido, para nada consustancial al cristianismo. Dichas teorías evolutivas no tienen un origen teológico sino social y cultural, el cristianismo sirve de eco y apoyo según el modelo durkheimiano de las religiones.  Le christianisme a beaucoup pensé l'animal pour situer l'homme dans la création et pour penser celle-ci. Cela a été fait en s'appuyant sur la Bible, notamment sur l'Ancien Testament, mais dont le contenu souvent incertain, elliptique à propos des animaux, a incité les théologiens à s'aider des philosophies grecques pour l'interpréter. Cette démarche a peu à peu imposé la conviction évidente, « naturelle », de l'origine divine de l'homme et d'une infériorité de l'animal, considéré comme une créature matérielle, mortelle, sans avenir dans l'au-delà, vouée à servir matériellement les hommes, voire à les assister spirituellement en les aidant à penser à Dieu. Ce n'est qu'à partir des XVIIIe-XIXe siècles qu'une minorité de clercs, de pasteurs et de fidèles, surtout des protestants mais aussi des catholiques en moindre nombre et plus tardivement, a entamé une revalorisation chrétienne de l'animal. Ces voix minoritaires ont reconsidéré aussi bien la nature de l'animal que son avenir et son rôle à côté de l'homme, déconstruisant ainsi une conception historiquement construite, en rien consubstantielle au christianisme. Ces évolutions ne sont pas d'origine théologique mais sociale et culturelle, le christianisme servant d'écho et de caution selon le modèle durkheimien des religions.  


Author(s):  
Gregory Walter

Martin Luther used the practice and notion of promise for theological and practical ends. As a theological notion, promise allowed Luther to work through important problems about God and God’s actions in Christ. Practically, Luther employed promise to understand sacraments, human action, and interpretation of the Bible. What unites these two ends is Luther’s taking promise as a gift of God, albeit a gift difficult to categorize according to the taxonomy of gifts in cultural anthropology. God’s promise is an effective word (verbum efficax), a speech act that does what it says. In other places of Luther’s work, promise denotes an action that priests and ministers undertake in order to communicate God’s word. He used it to articulate Christ’s activity in the Eucharist. Faith can mean many things in Luther’s work, but he frequently sees it as the correlate of promise. This shows that Luther follows the practical use of promise and fidelity in the Stoic tradition in addition to his interpretation of the Bible and his theological heritage. Luther considers promise to point to something God will do in the future or that promise limits God’s power in a way that makes that promise trustworthy. When compared to a “last will and testament,” it signifies a gift to those designated as heirs. In sum, not only does promise offer practical aims for the activity of the church; it also limits and generates theological reflection on God. For Luther, “God does not deal, nor has he ever dealt, with [human beings] other than through the word of promise” (De captivitae babylonica (1520) WA 6:516, 30–33; LW 36:42, translation modified).


2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Afonso Tadeu Murad ◽  
Marco Túlio Brandão Samapaio Procópio

O mistério da encarnação e da ressurreição tem repercussão nãosomente para a humanidade, mas para todas as criaturas. Há uma fraternidade cósmica que encontra respaldo não somente no relato da criação, mas também no mistério de Cristo. Particularmente os animais são colocados como verdadeiros irmãos e irmãs dos seres humanos por uma apropriada leitura teológica e hermenêutica bíblica. Entretanto, essa relação fraternal proposta pela tradição cristã depara-se com sua antítese expressa na atual relação de exploração animal. Os animais são hoje vítimas de um ciclo de sofrimento no mais alto grau, submetidos à escravidão, tortura e morte. A vontade de Deus expressa na Bíblia e em Cristo, porém, não é essa, mas de paz e justiça entre suas criaturas. Este trabalho apresenta a perspectiva cristã da relação entre os seres humanos e os animais, contrastando com a realidade atual e propondo caminhos de ação.Palavras-chave: Fraternidade cósmica. Teologia animal. Exploração animal. Ecoteologia.Abstract: The mystery of incarnation and resurrection has repercussions not only for humanity, but for all creatures. There is a cosmic fraternity that finds support not only in the account of creation, but also in the mystery of Christ. Particularly the animals are placed as true brothers and sisters of human beings by an appropriate theological reading and biblical hermeneutics. However, this fraternal relationship proposed by the Christian tradition is confronted with its antithesis expressed in the current relationship of animal exploitation. Animals today are victims of a cycle of suffering in the highest degree, subjected to slavery, torture and death. The will of God expressed in the Bible and in Christ, however, is not that, but peace and justice among his creatures. This work presents the Christian perspective on the relationship between human beings and animals, contrasting with current reality and proposing paths of action.Keywords: Cosmic fraternity. Animal theology. Animal exploitation. Ecotheology.


2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-33
Author(s):  
Fleur Houston

When Martin Luther mounted an attack on the industry of Indulgences, he affirmed key Reformation principles: human beings are saved by God’s grace alone and the priesthood of all the baptised gives all followers of Christ equal status. This was in conformity with an earlier generation of reformers who saw the Bible as ultimate authority and witnessed to biblical truth against corruption. The logical consequence of this should have been the enabling of women who were so disposed to exercise a theological vocation. In practice, the resulting rupture in religious and social life often affected women for the worse. Educational formation and leadership opportunities were restricted by the closure of convents. While the trade guilds, with their tightly regulated social systems, did not allow scope for women who transgressed normative expectations, their suppression was not necessarily liberating for women. The new social model of the home replaced that of convent and guild and marriage was exalted in place of celibacy. Changes in devotional practice involved loss and gain. Women who did not conform to the domestic norm were treated at best with misogyny and female prophets of the radical Reformation paid for their convictions with their lives. In education, leadership, piety and radical social challenge, women’s options were restricted. However, the key Reformation principles ultimately enabled the development of women’s ministry which was marked by the ordination of Constance Todd 400 years later.


Author(s):  
Yolanda Dreyer

The aim of the article is to argue that the sexual difference between female and male should be regarded as soteriologically indifferent. Though a biological reality of being human, sexuality is profoundly influenced by social constructs and the institution of marriage itself is a social construct. In this article the biological and social aspects are taken into account in a theological approach which on the one hand is interested in the relationship between God and human beings, and on the other in the way in which the Bible elucidates sexuality and marriage. The article indicates that the idea of sexual intercourse between a man and a woman as being equal to Godgiven “holy matrimony” has mythological origins. It focuses on these origins and on the multifarious forms of marital arrangements and models.


2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-131
Author(s):  
Jarosław Horowski

One of the most difficult problems, which is to be solved by contemporary culture, is the ecological problem. It concerns the culture because the hedonistic and consumerist mentality of man plays an important part in it. Biocentrism states that the ecological problem results from traditional Western attitudes to the non-human world based on the belief that humans are the central and most significant entities in the universe. Biocentrism puts forward a teleological argument for the protection of the environment. It indicates that non-human species have inherent value as well and each organism has a purpose and a reason for being, which should be respected. Biocentrism states that the anthropocentric attitude to the non-human world results from the Christian worldview based on the Bible where it is written that God gives man dominion over all creatures. The author analyses the main issues of the Catholic concept of the relationship between human beings and other creatures. He indicates that ecotheology respects the inherent value of non-human creatures because, as the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the modern world Gaudium et spes says: “all things are endowed with their own stability, truth, goodness, proper laws and order”, but maintains that the purpose of the world is connected with its relationship to God. The author considers also what is the human subjectivity in behaving towards the environment and what is the dependence between the autonomy of the world and the subjectivity of man in ecotheology. In the end, the author comes to the conclusion that according to ecotheology the ecological problem results from the broken relationship between the human and God and in consequence it the broken relationship between the world and God.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (Issue 4) ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
Innocent Sanga

Animal right is one of the most controversial issues in the contemporary world. A number of scholars have been discussing on whether the animals have rights like human beings or not. Through this debate, their opinions can be put into three groups; those who deny animal moral status, those who give some moral considerations to animals but deny them a fuller moral status, and those who extend rights to animals. This paper then gives a general overview on ‘Do Animals have Rights?’ It gives the meaning of the term “right” and explains whether the term right applies to animals too. It also portrays a drama whereby animals complain against sufferings imposed on them by human beings and a response given by a human being. It is also followed by philosophical debate on animal rights: pro and cons arguments. The Christian perspective is not left out. Finally, the paper ends with critical evaluations and conclusion. In evaluation of the debate on animal rights, the study found that, animals deserve to be treated well based on the argument that they have rights as animals. The main recommendation is that human beings should change their perception concerning animals by respecting animal.


Labyrinth ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Susanne Heine

"Language is a great and divine gift" (Martin Luther)Reformation and Language Culture  In this paper Luther's anthropology is shown as being based on the human capability of speaking. As a speaking person, the human being is not outside the world but involved in the world by communication. For Luther being human means – thanks to the capability of speaking – being in a personal relationship. The author argues that this relationship to others is based in the relationship to God. Although speaking is a gift of God, it can be abused whenever someone stirs up people to degrade others, as populists do. Luther had been reproached to be a populist in his closeness to simple people, but this was only due to his intention, that everyone should understand his translation of the bible. Instead of stoking fears, as populists do, Luther helped people to overcome their fears, by telling them in their own language – due to his German translation – that God loves them.  


Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 656
Author(s):  
Santiago García-Jalón

A close analysis of the text of Gen. 2:8–15, pertaining to the Garden of Eden, shows the structural differences between said text and others from ancient mythologies that mention or describe a paradise. Likewise, that analysis suggests that the data provided by the Bible to locate paradise are merely a narrative device meant to dissipate all doubts as to the existence of a garden where God put human beings. Similar to other spaces that appear in the Bible, the Garden of Eden is, in fact, an impossible place. Throughout the centuries, however, recurring proposals have been made to locate paradise. As time went by, those proposals were progressively modified by the intellectual ideas dominant in any given era, thus leading the representations of the location of Paradise to be further and further away from the information provided by the biblical text.


Author(s):  
José Jorge Gutiérrez-Samperio

<p>Pests, in their broad sense, have played an important part in the history of humankind. We could say that humans, crops and pests have walked together through life. Codices, glyphs, paintings and countless ancient documents, including the Bible and the Koran, bear witness to this. Humanity has been attacked by its own diseases, but also by those that limit them from obtaining food and deteriorate the environment. COVID-19, which is now troubling us and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March of 2020, became a part of the list of experiences we have suffered in the past, with pests or epidemics that caused millions of deaths by diseases or famines. It is paradoxical that this health contingency occurs when the United Nations General Assembly, on December 20th, 2018, in its resolution A/RES/73/252 decides to declare 2020 the International Year of Plant Health in order to “highlight the importance of plant health to improve food security, protect the environment and biodiversity and boost economic development” according to the pronouncement by the FAO. For the first time, in an era with great technological and scientific breakthroughs, humanity was aware of its vulnerability against the inevitable evolution of life forms in the face of dilemmas global impact caused by human beings. Thus, the pest or parasite makes its own declaration of existential preeminence through SARS-CoV-2 to remind us that the health of humans or plants is the essence of life and its continuity. But perhaps absolute health is not enough. It is necessary to find a balance in a world overwhelmed by giving so much in return for almost nothing to everyone living on it. If the sensor of our anthropocentric intervention of the world is climate change, then biological chaos is a masterpiece. The reemergence of pests and diseases considered eradicated, or those of zoonotic origin that had never accompanied our existence is a surreal dystopia that we will never be able to deny again.</p>


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