Higher Rate of Pigment Synthesis in Antarctic Plants: A Strategy of Survival Under UV Radiations

2022 ◽  
pp. 255-275
Author(s):  
Jaswant Singh ◽  
Rudra P. Singh ◽  
Rajni Khare
Keyword(s):  
Pigment Synthesis ◽  
Antarctic Plants

scholarly journals The small molecule ZY-214-4 may reduce the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus by inhibiting pigment production

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingyi Yu ◽  
Lulin Rao ◽  
Lingling Zhan ◽  
Bingjie Wang ◽  
Qing Zhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Pigment Production ◽  
Silkworm Larvae ◽  
Pigment Synthesis ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Oxidant Sensitivity

Abstract Background In recent years, clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates have become highly resistant to antibiotics, which has raised concerns about the ability to control infections by these organisms. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of a new small molecule, ZY-214-4 (C19H11BrNO4), on S. aureus pigment production. Results At the concentration of 4 μg/mL, ZY-214-4 exerted a significant inhibitory effect on S. aureus pigment synthesis, without affecting its growth or inducing a toxic effect on the silkworm. An oxidant sensitivity test and a whole-blood killing test indicated that the S. aureus survival rate decreased significantly with ZY-214-4 treatment. Additionally, ZY-214-4 administration significantly reduced the expression of a pigment synthesis-related gene (crtM) and the superoxide dismutase genes (sodA) as determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. ZY-214-4 treatment also improved the survival rate of S. aureus-infected silkworm larvae. Conclusions The small molecule ZY-214-4 has potential for the prevention of S. aureus infections by reducing the virulence associated with this bacterium.

Using silica gel in pigment synthesis

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 481-482
Author(s):  
I. V. Pishch
Keyword(s):  
Silica Gel ◽  
Pigment Synthesis

Patterns of pigmentation in experimentally produced mouse chimaerae

Development ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-585
Author(s):  
Andrzej K. Tarkowski
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Annual Meeting ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Present Report ◽  
General Description ◽  
Tissue Culture Association ◽  
Culture In Vitro ◽  
Pigment Synthesis

A General description of the development of mouse chimaerae and an account of the techniques for their production were given in previous reports (Tarkowski, 1961, 1963). The chimaeric character of the embryos and young obtained was tentatively claimed in the first of these publications because (1) the actual union of two eggs into one blastocyst was seen in culture in vitro, (2) of the occurrence of intersexes, (3) pigment synthesis of the types of the dark component occurred in the majority of individuals developed from pairs of eggs differing genetically in factors for pigmentation. The last criterion was met only by macroscopic search for pigment in the eyes. The present report gives a more detailed description of the distribution of pigment forming cells in these animals, based on histological analysis. Some remarks on the validity and applicability of such a criterion for estimating the degree of chimaerism were made at the 13th Annual Meeting of the Tissue Culture Association (Tarkowski 1963).

Factors Influencing Geosmin Production by the Cyanobacterium Oscillatoria Brevis

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Naes ◽  
H. C. Utkilen ◽  
A. F. Post
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Limited Growth ◽  
Pigment Synthesis ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Effect Of Inhibitors

Environmental factors affecting geosmin production by Oscillatoria brevis have been investigated under laboratory conditions using continuous culture techniques. Transition from light to nutrient limited growth conditions caused a two-fold decrease in geosmin production. However, geosmin content increased relative to pigment content (chlorophyll a and carotenoids). It has been suggested that geosmin biosynthesis in O. brevis proceeds via the isoprenoid pathway as was found in actinomycetes. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of inhibitors of the intermediate stages in this synthetic pathway in order to study the regulation of geosmin production in relation to pigment synthesis. It was concluded that geosmin seemed to function as an overflow metabolite in this pathway. Due to the only modest changes in geosmin production per dry weight compared to changes in biomass levels during light- or nutrient limited growth, contamination of eutrophic fresh waters with geosmin appears to depend mainly on the species present and its biomass level and only to a limited extent on nutrient enhanced synthesis.

scholarly journals Gene Expressing and sRNA Sequencing Show That Gene Differentiation Associates with a YellowAcer palmatumMutant Leaf in Different Light Conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shu-Shun Li ◽  
Qian-Zhong Li ◽  
Li-Ping Rong ◽  
Ling Tang ◽  
Bo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Light Condition ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Pigment Synthesis ◽  
Leaf Coloration ◽  
Gene Expressing

Acer palmatumThunb., like other maples, is a widely ornamental-use small woody tree for leaf shapes and colors. Interestingly, we found a yellow-leaves mutant “Jingling Huangfeng” turned to green when grown in shade or low-density light condition. In order to study the potential mechanism, we performed high-throughput sequencing and obtained 1,082 DEGs in leaves grown in different light conditions that result inA. palmatumsignificant morphological and physiological changes. A total of 989 DEGs were annotated and clustered, of which many DEGs were found associating with the photosynthesis activity and pigment synthesis. The expression of CHS and FDR gene was higher while the expression of FLS gene was lower in full-sunlight condition; this may cause more colorful substance like chalcone and anthocyanin that were produced in full-light condition, thus turning the foliage to yellow. Moreover, this is the first available miRNA collection which contains 67 miRNAs ofA. palmatum, including 46 conserved miRNAs and 21 novel miRNAs. To get better understanding of which pathways these miRNAs involved, 102 Unigenes were found to be potential targets of them. These results will provide valuable genetic resources for further study on the molecular mechanisms ofAcer palmatumleaf coloration.

scholarly journals A genomic view of coral-associated Prosthecochloris and a companion sulfate-reducing bacterium

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Hsiang Chen ◽  
Shan-Hua Yang ◽  
Kshitij Tandon ◽  
Chih-Ying Lu ◽  
Hsing-Ju Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Sulfur Metabolism ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Coral Skeleton ◽  
Pigment Synthesis ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Coral Skeletons ◽  
Functional Genomic Analysis ◽  
Ecological Roles ◽  
Isopora Palifera

AbstractEndolithic microbial symbionts in the coral skeleton may play a pivotal role in maintaining coral health. However, compared to aerobic microorganisms, research on the roles of endolithic anaerobic microorganisms and microbe-microbe interactions in the coral skeleton are still in their infancy. In our previous study, we showed that a group of coral-associated Prosthecochloris (CAP), a genus of anaerobic green sulfur bacteria, was dominant in the skeleton of the coral Isopora palifera. Though CAP is diverse, the 16S rRNA phylogeny presents it as a distinct clade separate from other free-living Prosthecochloris. In this study, we build on previous research and further characterize the genomic and metabolic traits of CAP by recovering two new near-complete CAP genomes—Candidatus Prosthecochloris isoporaea and Candidatus Prosthecochloris sp. N1—from coral Isopora palifera endolithic cultures. Genomic analysis revealed that these two CAP genomes have high genomic similarities compared with other Prosthecochloris and harbor several CAP-unique genes. Interestingly, different CAP species harbor various pigment synthesis and sulfur metabolism genes, indicating that individual CAPs can adapt to a diversity of coral microenvironments. A novel near-complete SRB genome—Candidatus Halodesulfovibrio lyudaonia—was also recovered from the same culture. The fact that CAP and various sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) co-exist in coral endolithic cultures and coral skeleton highlights the importance of SRB in the coral endolithic community. Based on functional genomic analysis of Ca. P. sp. N1 and Ca. H. lyudaonia, we also propose a syntrophic relationship between the SRB and CAP in the coral skeleton.ImportanceLittle is known about the ecological roles of endolithic microbes in the coral skeleton; one potential role is as a nutrient source for their coral hosts. Here, we identified a close ecological relationship between CAP and SRB. Recovering novel near-complete CAP and SRB genomes from endolithic cultures in this study enabled us to understand the genomic and metabolic features of anaerobic endolithic bacteria in coral skeletons. These results demonstrate that CAP members with similar functions in carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolisms harbor different light-harvesting components, suggesting that CAP in the skeleton adapts to niches with different light intensities. Our study highlights the potential ecological roles of CAP and SRB in coral skeletons and paves the way for future investigations into how coral endolithic communities will respond to environmental changes.

scholarly journals Determination Contents of Total Phenolic Pigments and Spectrophotometric Characterization of Crude Extracts of Ten Tinctorial Plants of Niger which is Usable in Solar Energy

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (33) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Souley Kallo Moutari ◽  
Ayouba Mahamane Abdoulkadri ◽  
Abdourahamane Saidou Boulhassane ◽  
Adamou Rabani ◽  
Ikhiri Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Pigment Synthesis ◽  
Chlorophyll Pigments ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
High Concentrations

Dye Sensitized-Solar Cells (DSSCs) have been extensively investigated because of their environmental friendliness and low production cost. At the heart of these is the photosensitive pigment that plays a key role in the collection of sunlight radiations and its conversion into electrical energy. However, the toxicity and the cost of pigment synthesis limit the increased use of these prototypes. Natural pigments can be an effective, sustainable, and inexpensive alternative. This paper focuses on determining the main phenolic pigments contents and evaluating the solar light collection capacity of ten (10) tinctorial plants crude extracts, via UV-Visible Spectrophotometry. High concentrations of total polyphenols (46.54 mgEqAG/g), flavonoids (10.95 mgEqQuer/g), anthocyanins (181.9 mgL-1 ), and tannins (40.1 mgL-1 ) were recorded in some extracts of these plants. Absorption spectra showed intense absorption domains around 280 nm in the ultraviolet (UV), and also in the visible (400 to 700 nm). These absorptions would be attributed to the π-π* and n-π* electron transitions of the chromophores present in the anthocyanin, flavonoid, carotenoid, and chlorophyll pigments of these plants. The high contents of pigments and the appropriate spectrophotochemical properties make the extracts of these tinctorial plants to become potential raw materials that are useful in solar energy technology.

scholarly journals A silencer repressing redundant enhancer activities revealed by deleting endogenouscis-regulatory element ofebonyinDrosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriyoshi Akiyama ◽  
Shoma Sato ◽  
Kentaro M. Tanaka ◽  
Takaomi Sakai ◽  
Aya Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Melanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Pigment Synthesis ◽  
Endogenous Expression ◽  
Spatiotemporal Regulation

AbstractThe spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression is essential to ensure robust phenotypic outcomes. Pigmentation patterns inDrosophilaare formed by the deposition of different pigments synthesized in the developing epidermis and the role ofcis-regulatory elements (CREs) of melanin biosynthesis pathway-related genes is well-characterized. These CREs typically exhibit modular arrangement in the regulatory region of the gene with each enhancer regulating a specific spatiotemporal expression of the gene. However, recent studies have suggested that multiple enhancers of a number of developmental genes as well as those ofyellow(involved in dark pigment synthesis) exhibit redundant activities. Here we report the redundant enhancer activities in thecis-regulatory region of another gene in the melanin biosynthesis pathway,ebony, in the developing epidermis ofDrosophila melanogaster. The evidence was obtained by introducing an approximately 1 kbp deletion at the endogenous primary epidermis enhancer (priEE) by genome editing. The effect of the priEE deletion on pigmentation and on the endogenous expression pattern of amCherry-taggedebonyallele was examined in the thoracic and abdominal segments. The expression level ofebonyin the priEE-deleted strains was similar to that of the control strain, indicating the presence of redundant enhancer activities that drive the broad expression ofebonyin the developing epidermis. Additionally, the priEE fragment contained a silencer that suppressesebonyexpression in the dorsal midline of the abdominal tergites, which is necessary for the development of the subgenusSophophora-specific dark pigmentation patterns along the midline. The endogenous expression pattern ofebonyin the priEE-deleted strains and the reporter assay examining the autonomous activity of the priEE fragment indicated that the silencer is involved in repressing the activities of both proximal and distant enhancers. These results suggest that multiple silencers are dispensable in the regulatory system of a relatively stable taxonomic character. The prevalence of other redundant enhancers and silencers in the genome can be investigated using a similar approach.Author summaryGenes are expressed at the right timing and place to give rise to diverse phenotypes. The spatiotemporal regulation is usually achieved through the coordinated activities of transcription-activating and transcription-repressing proteins that bind to the DNA sequences called enhancers and silencers, respectively, located near the target gene. Most studies identified the locations of enhancers by examining the ability of the sequence fragments to regulate the expression of fused reporters. Various short enhancers have been identified using this approach. This study employed an alternative approach in which the previously identified enhancer that regulates expression ofebony(a gene involved in body color formation) was deleted in a fruitfly,Drosophila melanogaster, using the genome-editing technique. The knockout of this enhancer did not affect the transcription level of the gene to a large extent. This indicated the presence of transcription-activating elements with redundant functions outside the deleted enhancer. Additionally, the transcription ofebonyat the midline of the abdomen, which is repressed in the normal flies, were derepressed in the enhancer-deleted flies, which indicated that the deleted enhancer fragment contained a silencer that negatively regulates multiple enhancer activities in a spatially restricted manner.

CAROTENOIDS IN DURUM WHEAT: DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS DURING TWO GROWING SEASONS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. LACROIX ◽  
J. B. LIER
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Triticum Durum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Pigment Synthesis ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pigment Concentrations ◽  
Triticum Durum Desf ◽  
Mature Seeds ◽  
Β Carotene

Variations in seed pigment concentrations of Triticum durum Desf. cv. Hercules were studied during two growing seasons. In the second season, the effects on seed pigment of spraying durum wheat with CPTA (chlorophenylthiotriethylamine) at 3.9 kg/ha, 1 and 2 wk after flowering were also studied. Normal pigment synthesis showed one period of synthesis for chlorophyll, but two for carotenoids. One complement of carotenoids seems to be associated with the chloroplast, while the other is probably located in the endosperm. CPTA appeared to affect the size and duration of chlorophyll and α + β carotene pools. Lutein concentrations at 33 days after flowering were at the same level in sprayed and non-sprayed samples. Since mature seeds showed pigment increases of up to 20% after spraying with CPTA, a late synthesis of lutein is indicated.

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