Choosing Units of Analysis in Temporal Discourse

2022 ◽  
pp. 80-94
Author(s):  
Amanda Barany ◽  
Michael Philips ◽  
Anthony J. Taiki Kawakubo ◽  
Jun Oshima
Keyword(s):  
Units Of Analysis

Qualities of a good essay: an assessment of the writings of Nigerian undergraduates

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
Usoro Mark Okono
Keyword(s):  
Critical Case ◽  
State University ◽  
Descriptive Linguistics ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Writing Test ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Regular Practice

This research sought to discover the capabilities of Nigerian undergraduates in handling the salient characteristics of essay in English. Such qualities as clarity, economy, simplicity, unity and coherence were the variables in the assessment. The study was conducted within the framework of the theory of descriptive linguistics and its sub-discipline of stylistics. Four topics representing argumentative, descriptive, expository and narrative essays were given to students for each of them to voluntarily choose one and write on in a strictly supervised writing test. All the essays were marked on the above stated variables. Critical case sampling strand of the purposive sampling was used to select four outstanding essays each representing one of the four departments of the Akwa Ibom State University of Nigeria. Paragraph and sentence formed some of the units of analysis. It was found out that the four subjects whose essays were analyzed proved their mettle in producing readable and creative prose in the four genres with some room for improvement. It is suggested that the Use of English programme in Nigerian universities should be extended from one to two years in addition to regular practice in writing by students and feedback from lecturers.

Testing whether implicit emotion regulation mediates the association between discrimination and symptoms of psychopathology in late childhood: An RDoC perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
T.G. Vargas ◽  
V.A. Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Neurocognitive Functions ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Implicit Emotion Regulation ◽  
Multiple Units

Abstract Discrimination has been associated with adverse mental health outcomes, though it is unclear how early in life this association becomes apparent. Implicit emotion regulation, developing during childhood, is a foundational skill tied to a range of outcomes. Implicit emotion regulation has yet to be tested as an associated process for mental illness symptoms that can often emerge during this sensitive developmental period. Youth aged 9–11 were recruited for the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Associations between psychotic-like experiences, depressive symptoms, and total discrimination (due to race, ethnicity, nationality, weight, or sexual minority status) were tested, as well as associations with implicit emotion regulation measures (emotional updating working memory and inhibitory control). Analyses examined whether associations with symptoms were mediated by implicit emotion regulation. Discrimination related to decreased implicit emotion regulation performance, and increased endorsement of depressive symptoms and psychotic-like experiences. Emotional updating working memory performance partially mediated the association between discrimination and psychotic-like experiences, while emotional inhibitory control did not. Discrimination and implicit emotion regulation could serve as putative transdiagnostic markers of vulnerability. Results support the utility of using multiple units of analysis to improve understanding of complex emerging neurocognitive functions and developmentally sensitive periods.

Hate Crime and Place: The Spatial and Temporal Concentration of Bias-Motivated Crime in Washington, D.C.

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052098781
Author(s):  
Marin R. Wenger ◽  
Brendan Lantz
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
Spatial Stability ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Block Groups ◽  
Street Segments

Prior research suggests that many crime types are spatially concentrated and stable over time. Hate crime, however, is a unique crime type that is etiologically distinct from others. As such, examination of hate crime from a spatial and temporal perspective offers an opportunity to understand hate crime and the spatial concentration of crime more generally. The current study examines the spatial stability of hate crimes reported to the police in Washington, D.C., from 2012 through 2018 using street segments, intersections, and block groups as units of analysis. Findings reveal that hate crime is spatially concentrated, with less than 4% of street segments and intersections experiencing hate crime over the study period. Results reveal a high degree of spatial stability, both year-to-year and over the long term even when restricting the analysis to units that experienced at least one hate crime.

Ethnographic Approaches to Contentious Politics: The What, How, and Why

2021 ◽  
pp. 001041402110255
Author(s):  
Diana Fu ◽  
Erica S. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Contentious Politics ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Ethnographic Methods ◽  
Political Ethnography ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Social Meanings ◽  
Methodological Tool ◽  
Why Questions

How should we study contentious politics in an era rife with new forms of contention, both in the United States and abroad? The introduction to this special issue draws attention to one particularly crucial methodological tool in the study of contention: political ethnography. It showcases the ways in which ethnographic approaches can contribute to the study of contentious politics. Specifically, it argues that “what,” “how,” and “why” questions are central to the study of contention and that ethnographic methods are particularly well-suited to answering them. It also demonstrates how ethnographic methods push scholars to both expand the objects of inquiry and rethink what the relevant units of analysis might be. By uncovering hidden processes, exploring social meanings, and giving voice to unheard stories, ethnography and “ethnography-plus” approaches contribute to the study of contention and to comparative politics, writ large.

scholarly journals The entrepreneurial financing of the immigrant entrepreneurs: a literature review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Malki ◽  
Timur Uman ◽  
Daniel Pittino
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Immigrant Entrepreneurship ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Immigrant Entrepreneurs ◽  
Entrepreneurial Financing

AbstractThere is an increasing interest in the phenomenon of immigrant entrepreneurship. Despite the growing number of studies, the financing aspect of immigrant entrepreneurship is still an emergent subject. In this paper, we critically and systematically review the field of the entrepreneurial financing of immigrant entrepreneurs. For this purpose, we conduct a two-step analysis of 37 systematically selected articles. In the first step, we provide an overall description of the field, while in the second step we perform a SWOT analysis on different aspects of the field, including the units of analysis, the main questions, and the use of theories and methods in the field. The review identifies gaps and weaknesses in the field, suggests potential opportunities for future research, and highlights some threats that could impede the implementation of future opportunities. Finally, the review suggests further questions to be explored for future advancement of knowledge in the field.

scholarly journals Early tracking and different types of inequalities in achievement: difference-in-differences evidence from 20 years of large-scale assessments

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-167
Author(s):  
Andrés Strello ◽  
Rolf Strietholt ◽  
Isa Steinmann ◽  
Charlotte Siepmann
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
International Student ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Seminal Paper ◽  
International Student Assessment ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Social Achievement ◽  
Mathematics And Science ◽  
Combined Data

AbstractResearch to date on the effects of between-school tracking on inequalities in achievement and on performance has been inconclusive. A possible explanation is that different studies used different data, focused on different domains, and employed different measures of inequality. To address this issue, we used all accumulated data collected in the three largest international assessments—PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment), PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study), and TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study)—in the past 20 years in 75 countries and regions. Following the seminal paper by Hanushek and Wößmann (2006), we combined data from a total of 21 cycles of primary and secondary school assessments to estimate difference-in-differences models for different outcome measures. We synthesized the effects using a meta-analytical approach and found strong evidence that tracking increased social achievement gaps, that it had smaller but still significant effects on dispersion inequalities, and that it had rather weak effects on educational inadequacies. In contrast, we did not find evidence that tracking increased performance levels. Besides these substantive findings, our study illustrated that the effect estimates varied considerably across the datasets used because the low number of countries as the units of analysis was a natural limitation. This finding casts doubt on the reproducibility of findings based on single international datasets and suggests that researchers should use different data sources to replicate analyses.

scholarly journals Inequities in access to mammographic screening in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário Círio Nogueira ◽  
Vívian Assis Fayer ◽  
Camila Soares Lima Corrêa ◽  
Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra ◽  
Bianca De Stavola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Spatial Regression ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Mammographic Screening ◽  
Services Utilization ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Marked Variability ◽  
Screening Coverage ◽  
Multivariable Analyses

Abstract: Our objectives with this study were to describe the spatial distribution of mammographic screening coverage across small geographical areas (micro-regions) in Brazil, and to analyze whether the observed differences were associated with spatial inequities in socioeconomic conditions, provision of health care, and healthcare services utilization. We performed an area-based ecological study on mammographic screening coverage in the period of 2010-2011 regarding socioeconomic and healthcare variables. The units of analysis were the 438 health micro-regions in Brazil. Spatial regression models were used to study these relationships. There was marked variability in mammographic coverage across micro-regions (median = 21.6%; interquartile range: 8.1%-37.9%). Multivariable analyses identified high household income inequality, low number of radiologists/100,000 inhabitants, low number of mammography machines/10,000 inhabitants, and low number of mammograms performed by each machine as independent correlates of poor mammographic coverage at the micro-region level. There was evidence of strong spatial dependence of these associations, with changes in one micro-region affecting neighboring micro-regions, and also of geographical heterogeneities. There were substantial inequities in access to mammographic screening across micro-regions in Brazil, in 2010-2011, with coverage being higher in those with smaller wealth inequities and better access to health care.

scholarly journals Statistics Notes: Units of analysis

BMJ ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 314 (7098) ◽  
pp. 1874-1874 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G Altman ◽  
J M. Bland
Keyword(s):  
Units Of Analysis

A MEASUREMENT TO ESTIMATE THE LEVEL OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

10.6036/10173 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-337
Author(s):  
JUAN AURELIO TAMAYO ◽  
JAVIER GAMERO ROJAS ◽  
JUAN ANTONIO MARTINEZ ROMAN ◽  
MARIA DE LORETO DELGADO GONZALEZ
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Transition Stage ◽  
Multiple Parameters ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Different Types

A measure is proposed to estimate the degree of digital transformation of a social system that could be applied to different units of analysis: the organization, the industrial sector or society. The measure contemplates the existence of classic (non-digital) social systems, a transition stage and the transformation towards the digital social system. An estimate of the percentage of people who have made purchases over the Internet has been used to estimate the degree of digital transformation of different territories, regions and countries included in the INE and Eurostat statistics. The initially proposed function can serve as a basis to include panels of indicators or multiple parameters that diagnose other relevant aspects of society and the economy. In general, the measure could be useful to assess the transition and evolution of different types of systems.

scholarly journals The Palliative Outcome Scale (POS) applied to clinical practice and research: an integrative review

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Capella Rugno ◽  
Marysia Mara Rodrigues do Prado De Carlo
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Service Organization ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
Measuring Outcomes ◽  
Pc Method

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify and evaluate the evidence found in the international scientific literature on the application of the Palliative Outcome Scale (POS) in clinical practice and research in Palliative Care (PC). Method: integrative literature review, through the search of publications in journals indexed in PubMed / MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO and CINAHL databases, between the years 1999 and 2014. Results: the final sample consisted of 11 articles. In the data analysis, the articles were classified into 2 units of analysis (studies using the POS as a resource in research and studies using the POS in clinical practice), in which the information was presented in the form of sub-themes related to publications of the selected studies, highlighting the synthesis of the results. Conclusion: POS emerged as an important tool for measuring outcomes to assess the quality of life of patients and families, of the quality of care provided and the PC service organization. The international scientific literature on the application of POS proved to be relevant to the advancement and consolidation of the field of knowledge related to PC.

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