Odds Ratios, a Short-Cut for Analyzing Cross-Tabs

Fragestellung: Anhand der Daten aus drei in den Jahren 2007, 2009 und 2011 durchgeführten Repräsentativbefragungen zum Glücksspielverhalten der 16- bis 65-jährigen Bevölkerung in Deutschland werden Zusammenhänge zwischen der Nutzung einzelner Glücksspiele, der Glücksspielgesamtaktivität und dem Auftreten von glücksspielassoziierten Problemen untersucht. Methodik: Erhebung der Teilnahme an den verbreitetsten Glücksspielformen in Deutschland in den zurückliegenden 12 Monaten per Telefonbefragung (CATI), standardisierte Instrumente: South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) zum Screening auf Glücksspielsucht, bi- und multivariate logistische Regressionsanalysen, abhängige Variable: Problemspielverhalten (problematische oder pathologische Ausprägung nach SOGS). Ergebnisse: Problemspieler geben im Vergleich zu problemfreien Glücksspielern bei den meisten Glücksspielen (außer Lotterien) erheblich häufiger an, diese in den zurückliegenden 12 Monaten gespielt zu haben. Zudem weisen sie eine höhere Glücksspielanzahl (GSA) auf, haben also mehr verschiedene Glücksspiele genutzt. Die höchsten Problemspieleranteile finden sich unter Befragten, die Casinospiele im Internet, das kleine Spiel in der Spielbank, Geldspielautomaten in Spielhallen, Gaststätten etc., Sportwetten privater Anbieter, das große Spiel oder Keno angegeben haben (Anteile in abnehmender Reihenfolge: 11,7 % bis 6,5 %). Entsprechend ergeben sich bei diesen Glücksspielen in bivariaten Regressionsanalysen in annähernd gleicher Reihenfolge auch die höchsten Risiken für Problemspielverhalten. Wird zusätzlich die GSA statistisch kontrolliert, reduzieren sich die Risiken zwar deutlich, bleiben aber bei den genannten Glücksspielen (Ausnahme: großes Spiel) signifikant. Auch bei simultaner Betrachtung aller Glücksspiele im multivariaten Modell, womit zusätzlich die individuelle Spieleauswahl berücksichtigt wird, ergeben sich die höchsten Risiken für Geldspielautomaten, gefolgt von Casinospielen im Internet (Odds Ratios 4,77 bzw. 3,75). Vergleichsweise niedrige Risiken finden sich dagegen, modellunabhängig, für die Lotterien. Schlussfolgerungen: Aufgrund des häufig multiplen Spielverhaltens von Problemspielern sollte bei der Analyse von Zusammenhängen zwischen dem Auftreten problematischen Spielverhaltens und der Nutzung einzelner Glücksspielformen die Glücksspielgesamtaktivität einbezogen werden. Regulierungs- und Präventionsmaßnahmen erscheinen den Analysen zufolge insbesondere in Hinsicht auf Geldspielautomaten und Casinospiele im Internet indiziert.

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Relationship of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Genes to Inhibitor Antibody Formation in Hemophilia A

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1647359 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 64 (04) ◽

pp. 564-568 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Lloyd E Lippert ◽

Lyman Mc A Fisher ◽

Lawrence B Schook

Keyword(s):

Major Histocompatibility Complex ◽

Factor Viii ◽

Antibody Formation ◽

Rflp Analysis ◽

Class Ii ◽

Major Histocompatibility ◽

Odds Ratios ◽

Inhibitory Antibody ◽

Histocompatibility Complex ◽

Hla Dr

SummaryApproximately 14% of transfused hemophiliacs develop an anti-factor VIII inhibitory antibody which specifically neutralizes factor VIII procoagulant activity. In this study an association of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) with inhibitor antibody formation was evaluated by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using BamHI, EcoRI, HindII, PstI, PvuII and TaqI digested genomic DNA probed with DP beta, DQ alpha, DQ beta and DR beta class II MHC gene probes. The RFLP patterns for 16 non-inhibitor and 11 inhibitor hemophiliac patients were analyzed. These 24 enzyme:probe combinations generated 231 fragments. Fifteen (15) fragments associated with the inhibitor phenotype; odds ratios ranged from 5.1 to 45 and lower bounds of 95% confidence intervals were > 1.000 for all 15 fragments. Five (5) fragments associated with non-inhibitors, with odds ratios ranging from 6.4 to 51.7. This report establishes a MHC related genetic basis for the inhibitor phenotype. No statistically significant differences in the distribution of serologically defined HLA-DR phenotypes were observed between the inhibitor and non-inhibitor groups.

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Intimate Partner Violence and its Association With Contraceptive Use Among Women in Pakistan

Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research ◽

10.33824/pjpr.2019.34.1.9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (Spring 2019) ◽

pp. 157-173

Author(s):

Kashif Siddique ◽

Rubeena Zakar ◽

Ra’ana Malik ◽

Naveeda Farhat ◽

Farah Deeba

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Contraceptive Use ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Married Women ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Odds Ratios

The aim of this study is to find the association between Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and contraceptive use among married women in Pakistan. The analysis was conducted by using cross sectional secondary data from every married women of reproductive age 15-49 years who responded to domestic violence module (N = 3687) of the 2012-13 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey. The association between contraceptive use (outcome variable) and IPV was measured by calculating unadjusted odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals using simple binary logistic regression and multivariable binary logistic regression. The result showed that out of 3687 women, majority of women 2126 (57.7%) were using contraceptive in their marital relationship. Among total, 1154 (31.3%) women experienced emotional IPV, 1045 (28.3%) women experienced physical IPV and 1402 (38%) women experienced both physical and emotional IPV together respectively. All types of IPV was significantly associated with contraceptive use and women who reported emotional IPV (AOR 1.44; 95% CI 1.23, 1.67), physical IPV (AOR 1.41; 95% CI 1.20, 1.65) and both emotional and physical IPV together (AOR 1.49; 95% CI 1.24, 1.72) were more likely to use contraceptives respectively. The study revealed that women who were living in violent relationship were more likely to use contraceptive in Pakistan. Still there is a need for women reproductive health services and government should take initiatives to promote family planning services, awareness and access to contraceptive method options for women to reduce unintended or mistimed pregnancies that occurred in violent relationships.

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Estudio para determinar los niveles de calcio y paratohormona en pacientes con y sin vaciamiento central profiláctico, con diagnóstico de cáncer papilar de tiroides

Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (Quito) ◽

10.29166/ciencias_medicas.v43i1.1504 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 140-148

Author(s):

Carolina Mesías A. ◽

Patricio Gálvez S. ◽

Juan Cadena ◽

Pamela Gordillo ◽

Ángel Alarcón

Keyword(s):

Odds Ratios ◽

Factores De Riesgo ◽

Para Determinar

Contexto: el cáncer papilar de tiroides representa una patología que va en aumento, y el manejo quirúrgico es complejo. Una disección profiláctica cervical central para los pacientes con cáncer papilar de tiroides es controvertida. Dado que los riesgos de complicaciones transitorias probablemente son altas,y los beneficios parecen ser pequeños, de tal forma, que para realizarlo se utiliza un enfoque selectivo, en función de factores de riesgo del paciente y el nivel de experiencia del cirujano.Objetivo: determinar en el postquirúrgico los niveles de calcio y paratohormona en pacientes adultos, de ambos sexos con sospecha alta de cáncer papilar de tiroides, a los cuales se les realizó o no, vaciamiento central en los hospital Eugenio Espejo de la ciudad de Quito, durante un año.Sujetos y métodos: observacional, analítico, epidemiológico transversal, de cohortes. Se estudiaron todos los pacientes con sospecha citológica de cáncer papilar de tiroides, sometidos a tiroidectomía total, con o sin vaciamiento central profiláctico; se midió a las 24 horas los niveles de calcio y paratohormona. Las variables cuantitativas se reportaron como promedios y las cualitativas con sus valores absolutos y relativos. Las comparaciones de variables cuantitativas se realizaron con la prueba t-Student, mientras que para las cualitativas se usaron pruebas de independencia para proporciones x2 y prueba exacta de Fisher. Se hizo un análisis multivariados con regresión logística reportada como Odds Ratios ajustados (ORadj).Resultados: con respecto al calcio el grupo con vaciamiento central presentó valores significativamente menores que el grupo sin vaciamiento, esta diferencia fue de -0.07 mmol/L (IC 95 %: -0.036, -0.097 mmol/L;p < 0.0001). Los pacientes sometidos a vaciamiento central tuvieron tasas significativamente menores deparatohormona (para valores inferiores a los 10pg/ml) hasta el 53.9%, mientras que en el grupo sin vaciamiento solo el 11.1%(IC 95%: 29.5, 56.2%; p < 0.0001).Conclusión: se observó que en el grupo de tiroidectomía con vaciamiento central profiláctico, hubo una tasa importante de hipocalcemia e hipoparatiroidismo, todos estos pacientes presentaron signos de hipocalcemia durante su periodo postquirúrgico, lo que prolongo su estadía hospitalaria

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Fatores psicossociais e socioeconômicos relacionados à insônia e menopausa: Estudo Pró-Saúde

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/0102-311x00045014 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 597-606 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jaqueline Rodrigues Robaina ◽

Claudia S. Lopes ◽

Lúcia Rotenberg ◽

Eduardo Faerstein

Keyword(s):

Odds Ratios

Foi avaliada a associação entre menopausa e insônia e a influência de variáveis socioeconômicas e psicossociais, em estudo transversal com 2.190 funcionárias de uma universidade (Estudo Pró-Saúde), a partir de um questionário autopreenchível com variáveis sobre menopausa, insônia, transtorno mental comum, eventos de vida estressantes, apoio social e variáveis socioeconômicas. Odds ratios foram calculados por meio de regressão logística multivariada, com desfecho politômico. Após ajuste para potenciais confundidoras sociodemográficas, mulheres na menopausa há mais de 60 meses apresentaram maior chance de reportar queixas de sono frequentes (OR entre 1,53 e 1,86) do que as que estavam na menopausa há menos de 60 meses. Após os ajustes, no primeiro grupo, para as variáveis psicossociais, a magnitude dos ORs reduziu para 1,53 (IC95%: 0,92-2,52) para dificuldade em iniciar o sono, 1,81 (IC95%: 1,09-2,98) para dificuldade em manter o sono e 1,71 (IC95%: 1,08-2,73) para queixa geral de insônia. Fatores psicossociais podem mediar a manifestação da insônia em mulheres na menopausa.

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Poor social support and loneliness in chronic headache: Prevalence and effect modifiers

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1177/03331024211020392 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 033310242110203

Author(s):

Maria Lurenda Westergaard ◽

Cathrine Juel Lau ◽

Karen Allesøe ◽

Anne Helms Andreasen ◽

Rigmor Højland Jensen

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Chronic Headache ◽

Medication Overuse ◽

Odds Ratios ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Self Rated Health ◽

Poor Social Support ◽

Very High

Objective To explore the prevalence of poor social support and loneliness among people with chronic headache, and how these might be effect modifiers in the relationships between chronic headache and stress, medication overuse, and self-rated health. Background Poor social support and loneliness are consistently linked to worse health outcomes. There are few epidemiologic studies on their effect on headache. Methods The Danish Capital Region Health Survey, a cross-sectional survey, was conducted in 2017. Participants were asked about headache, pain medication use, social support, loneliness, perceived stress, and self-rated health. Data were accessed from sociodemographic registers. Logistic regression analyses were performed to test for effect modification. Results The response rate was 52.6% (55,185 respondents) and was representative of the target population. People with chronic headache were more likely to report poor social support and loneliness compared to those without chronic headache ( p < 0.0001 for both). Odds ratios for the combination of chronic headache and poor social support were very high for stress (odds ratio 8.1), medication overuse (odds ratio 21.9), and poor self-rated health (odds ratio 10.2) compared to those without chronic headache and with good social support. Those who reported both chronic headache and loneliness had a very high odds ratio for stress (odds ratio 14.4), medication overuse (odds ratio 20.1), and poor self-rated health (odds ratio 15.9) compared to those without chronic headache and low loneliness score. When adjusted for sociodemographic factors, poor social support and loneliness were not significant effect modifiers in almost all these associations. Loneliness was a significant effect modifier in the association between chronic headache and medication overuse, but exerted greater effect among those who did not report they were lonely. Conclusion Poor social support and loneliness were prevalent among people with chronic headache. The combination of chronic headache and poor social support or loneliness showed higher odds ratios for stress, medication overuse, and poor self-rated health compared to those with good social support and low loneliness scores. The effect of loneliness in the relationship between chronic headache and medication overuse warrants further study.

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Intraventricular haemorrhage in a Ugandan cohort of low birth weight neonates: the IVHU study

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-020-02464-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

R. MacLeod ◽

J. N. Paulson ◽

N. Okalany ◽

F. Okello ◽

L. Acom ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Intraventricular Haemorrhage ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Cranial Ultrasound ◽

High Grade ◽

Odds Ratios ◽

Antenatal Steroids ◽

Eastern Uganda

Abstract Background Globally, 15 million neonates are born prematurely every year, over half in low income countries (LICs). Premature and low birth weight neonates have a higher risk of intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH). There are minimal data regarding IVH in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to examine the incidence, severity and timing of and modifiable risk factors for IVH amongst low-birth-weight neonates in Uganda. Methods This is a prospective cohort study of neonates with birthweights of ≤2000 g admitted to a neonatal unit (NU) in a regional referral hospital in eastern Uganda. Maternal data were collected from interviews and medical records. Neonates had cranial ultrasound (cUS) scans on the day of recruitment and days 3, 7 and 28 after birth. Risk factors were tabulated and are presented alongside odds ratios (ORs) and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for IVH incidence. Outcomes included incidence, timing and severity of IVH and 28-day survival. Results Overall, 120 neonates were recruited. IVH was reported in 34.2% of neonates; 19.2% had low grade (Papile grades 1–2) and 15% had high grade (Papile grades 3–4). Almost all IVH (90.2%) occurred by day 7, including 88.9% of high grade IVH. Of those with known outcomes, 70.4% (81/115) were alive on day 28 and survival was not associated with IVH. We found that vaginal delivery, gestational age (GA) < 32 weeks and resuscitation in the NU increased the odds of IVH. Of the 6 neonates who received 2 doses of antenatal steroids, none had IVH. Conclusion In this resource limited NU in eastern Uganda, more than a third of neonates born weighing ≤2000 g had an IVH and the majority of these occurred by day 7. We found that vaginal birth, earlier gestation and need for resuscitation after admission to the NU increased the risk of IVH. This study had a high rate of SGA neonates and the risk factors and relationship of these factors with IVH in this setting needs further investigation. The role of antenatal steroids in the prevention of IVH in LICs also needs urgent exploration.

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CGRP-antibodies, topiramate and botulinum toxin type A in episodic and chronic migraine: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1177/03331024211018137 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 033310242110181

Author(s):

Florian Frank ◽

Hanno Ulmer ◽

Victoria Sidoroff ◽

Gregor Broessner

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Botulinum Toxin ◽

Response Rate ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Botulinum Toxin Type A ◽

Type A ◽

Response Rates ◽

Botulinum Toxin Type ◽

Odds Ratios

Background The approval of monoclonal antibodies for prevention of migraine has revolutionized treatment for patients. Oral preventatives are still considered first line treatments as head-to-head trials comparing them with antibodies are lacking. Methods The main purpose of this study was to provide a comparative overview of the efficacy of three commonly prescribed migraine preventative medication classes. For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched the databases CENTRAL, EMBASE, and MEDLINE until 20 March 2020. We included RCTs reporting the 50% response rates for topiramate, Botulinum Toxin Type A and monoclonal antibodies against CGRP(r). Studies were excluded if response rates were not reported, treatment allocation was unclear, or if study quality was insufficient. Primary outcome measure were the 50% response rates. The pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated with the random effects model. The study was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42020222880). Findings We identified 6552 reports. Thirty-two were eligible for our review. Studies assessing monoclonal antibodies included 13,302 patients and yielded pooled odds ratios for the 50% response rate of 2.30 (CI: 2.11–2.50). Topiramate had an overall effect estimate of 2.70 (CI: 1.97–3.69) with 1989 included patients and Botulinum Toxin Type A achieved 1.28 (CI: 0.98–1. 67) with 2472 patients included. Interpretation Topiramate, botulinum toxin type A and monoclonal antibodies showed higher odds ratios in achieving a 50% response rate compared to placebo. Topiramate numerically demonstrated the greatest effect size but also the highest drop-out rate.

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Factors Associated with Extraction following Root Canal Filling in Adults

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/0022034520982962 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002203452098296

Author(s):

H. Fransson ◽

L. Bjørndal ◽

F. Frisk ◽

V.S. Dawson ◽

K. Landt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Educational Level ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Adult Population ◽

Disposable Income ◽

Country Of Birth ◽

Odds Ratios ◽

Root Canal Filling ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Direct Restoration

Essentially, root fillings are performed to preserve natural teeth. Over time, however, some root-filled teeth will inevitably be extracted. The aim of this historical prospective cohort study in the adult Swedish population was to identify factors associated with extractions within 5 y of registration of a root filling. The cohort consisted of all those whose root fillings had been reported to the tax-funded Swedish Social Insurance Agency (SSIA) in 2009. Demographic data on the individuals registered with a root filling (sex, age, country of birth, disposable income, educational level, and marital status) were received from Statistics Sweden or the SSIA. Dental care setting, tooth type, and any registration of subsequent restorations within 6 mo were received from the SSIA. Multivariable regression analysis was used, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In total, 216,764 individuals had been registered with at least 1 root filling. Individuals ( n = 824) without complete data were excluded from the analyses. After 5 y, 9.3% of the root-filled teeth had been registered as extracted. Logistic regression analysis found significant associations for all variables except country of birth, disposable income, and educational level. The highest odds ratios for extractions were associated with the type of restoration: teeth with no registration of any restoration and teeth with a direct restoration combined with a post were 3 times more likely to undergo extraction than teeth restored with an indirect restoration combined with a post and core. Overall, high odds ratios for extractions were associated with any type of composite restoration, including composite fillings and crowns combined with or without any post. In summary, after root filling in the Swedish adult population, several individual- and tooth-specific variables were associated with extraction. The reasons for the extractions remain to be studied further.

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