Dysautonomia: From the Brain Disorders to Neuropathies and Including Diabetes

2016 ◽  
pp. 147-167
Author(s):  
Albert Flotats ◽  
Ignasi Carrió
Keyword(s):  
Brain Disorders ◽  
The Brain

Atlas of 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT brain perfusion in pediatric brain disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saleh A Othman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Brain Perfusion ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Hmpao Spect ◽  
Perfusion Scan ◽  
Pediatric Brain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
99Mtc Hmpao

Background: Blood flow to the brain is in parallel with brain metabolism in almost all brain disorders except in brain tumors and therefore regional cerebral blood flow can be used as a marker of metabolic brain activity and hence it is closely linked to neuronal activity, the activity distribution is presumed to reflect neuronal activity levels in different areas of the brain. Purpose: The aim of this work is to demonstrate to pediatrician in general and pediatric neurologist in particular the variations in cerebral perfusion during normal development which should be taken into consideration at the time of interpreting SPECT brain perfusion scan in different pediatric brain disorders. Method: Brain SPECT was performed 10 minutes after an intravenous injection of 11.1 MBq/kg (0.3 mCi/kg), and the minimum dose is 185 MBq (5 mCi) of 99mTc-HMPAO (4). Results: This was a retrospective analysis of SPECT brain perfusion scan of pediatric patients performed between October 2015 and December 2019 at our institution. We selected normal and abnormal studies in pediatric population with age range (5 months - 14 years). Conclusion: Although anatomic cross sectional imaging give details of neurological structural changes, SPECT perfusion mirrors indirectly both metabolic and neuronal activity changes. Therefore, accurate interpretation of SPECT perfusion will consolidate its role as part of the diagnostic protocol and used when the findings of other imaging modalities do not explain the symptoms or fail partially or completely in determining the etiology of brain disorders in pediatric patients.

scholarly journals Generation of Vascularized Brain Organoids to Study Neurovascular Interactions

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen-Ge Luo ◽  
Xin-Yao Sun ◽  
Xiang-Chun Ju ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Peng-Ming Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Neural Progenitors ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
Neurovascular Interactions ◽  
The Brain

The recently developed brain organoids have been used to recapitulate the processes of brain development and related diseases. However, the lack of vasculatures, which regulate neurogenesis, brain disorders, and aging process, limits the utility of brain organoids. In this study, we induced vessel and brain organoids respectively, and then fused two types of organoids together to obtain vascularized brain organoids. The fused brain organoids were engrafted with robust vascular network-like structures, and exhibited increased number of neural progenitors, in line with the possibility that vessels regulate neural development. Fusion organoids also contained functional blood-brain-barrier (BBB)-like structures, as well as microglial cells, a specific population of immune cells in the brain. The incorporated microglia responded actively to immune stimuli to the fused brain organoids. Thus, the fusion organoids established in this study allow modeling interactions between the neuronal and non-neuronal components in vitro, in particular the vasculature and microglia niche.

Burster Reconstruction Considering Unmeasurable Variables in the Epileptor Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-46
Author(s):  
João Angelo Ferres Brogin ◽  
Jean Faber ◽  
Douglas Domingues Bueno
Keyword(s):  
Computational Neuroscience ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Epileptiform Activity ◽  
Convergence Speed ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Feedback Controllers ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Significant Effort ◽  
Theoretical Standpoint

Abstract Epilepsy is one of the most common brain disorders worldwide, affecting millions of people every year. Although significant effort has been put into better understanding it and mitigating its effects, the conventional treatments are not fully effective. Advances in computational neuroscience, using mathematical dynamic models that represent brain activities at different scales, have enabled addressing epilepsy from a more theoretical standpoint. In particular, the recently proposed Epileptor model stands out among these models, because it represents well the main features of seizures, and the results from its simulations have been consistent with experimental observations. In addition, there has been an increasing interest in designing control techniques for Epileptor that might lead to possible realistic feedback controllers in the future. However, such approaches rely on knowing all of the states of the model, which is not the case in practice. The work explored in this letter aims to develop a state observer to estimate Epileptor's unmeasurable variables, as well as reconstruct the respective so-called bursters. Furthermore, an alternative modeling is presented for enhancing the convergence speed of an observer. The results show that the proposed approach is efficient under two main conditions: when the brain is undergoing a seizure and when a transition from the healthy to the epileptiform activity occurs.

scholarly journals Ferroptosis and Brain Injury

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 382-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Magtanong ◽  
Scott J. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Basic Problem ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Small Molecule Screening ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Ferroptosis is a nonapoptotic form of cell death characterized by the iron-dependent accumulation of toxic lipid reactive oxygen species. Small-molecule screening and subsequent optimization have yielded potent and specific activators and inhibitors of this process. These compounds have been employed to dissect the lethal mechanism and implicate this process in pathological cell death events observed in many tissues, including the brain. Indeed, ferroptosis is emerging as an important mechanism of cell death during stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and other acute brain injuries, and may also play a role in certain degenerative brain disorders. Outstanding issues include the practical need to identify molecular markers of ferroptosis that can be used to detect and study this process in vivo, and the more basic problem of understanding the relationship between ferroptosis and other forms of cell death that can be triggered in the brain during injury.

scholarly journals The Gut Ecosystem: A Critical Player in Stroke

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Delgado Jiménez ◽  
Corinne Benakis
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Brain Stroke ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Improve Patient

AbstractThe intestinal microbiome is emerging as a critical factor in health and disease. The microbes, although spatially restricted to the gut, are communicating and modulating the function of distant organs such as the brain. Stroke and other neurological disorders are associated with a disrupted microbiota. In turn, stroke-induced dysbiosis has a major impact on the disease outcome by modulating the immune response. In this review, we present current knowledge on the role of the gut microbiome in stroke, one of the most devastating brain disorders worldwide with very limited therapeutic options, and we discuss novel insights into the gut-immune-brain axis after an ischemic insult. Understanding the nature of the gut bacteria-brain crosstalk may lead to microbiome-based therapeutic approaches that can improve patient recovery.

Accessing the Blood-Brain Barrier to Treat Brain Disorders

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-209
Author(s):  
M. Sureshkumar ◽  
A. Pandian
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Permeable Membrane ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Therapeutic Molecules ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Brain

: Crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and treating brain disorders by delivering therapeutic agents to specific regions of the brain is a challenge. The BBB, naturally evolved, protective physiological barrier acts as a selective permeable membrane in such a way that it allows only nonionic molecules and molecules of low molecular weight to pass through. Treating brain tumor has become a great challenge as the drug molecules of larger size are not able to cross the BBB and reach the target site. The incompetence of techniques for brain-specific delivery of therapeutic molecules has led researchers to increasingly explore the diagnosis and treatment of disorders incurable with present techniques. This article is to discuss the various techniques or methods to deliver drugs to the brain crossing the BBB.

scholarly journals Charge Density Studies on Anti-Alzheimer Agents

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C969-C969
Author(s):  
Peter Luger ◽  
Stefan Mebs ◽  
Manuela Weber ◽  
Birger Dittrich
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Charge Density ◽  
Tau Protein ◽  
Positive Charge ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Electronic Interactions ◽  
Hirshfeld Surfaces ◽  
Spherical Structures ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Positively Charged

The average age of people is increasing continuously thanks to the progress in the medicinal sciences and further social advances. As a consequence, however, diseases which affect people more likely at a higher age also increase. In this course Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related brain disorders distribute rapidly and have to be taken more serious. One of the most frequently applied drugs against AD is donepezil®. Its function is a reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thereby reducing the deficit of acetylcholine associated with the occurrence of AD. As one result from the charge density (CD) of the small-molecule structure containing the donepezilium cation comparable electronic interactions were identified as in the macromolecular TcAChE-donepezil complex which were made visible by electrostatic potential and Hirshfeld surfaces.[1] Two newer developments of Alzheimer agents are bexarotene and methylene blue. For the first one a therapeutic effect on AD in a mouse model was recently reported. From a comparative CD study on bexarotene and its disila analogue differences in the electrostatic potentials were identified, while the spherical structures showed no significant differences. The second one, methylene blue, targets the abnormal tangle type tau protein aggregation inside the nerve cells in the brain and stops its spread. The molecule is positively charged with various counterions. From the CD an answer to the not yet understood question is expected whether the formal positive charge is localized or delocalized.

Looking into a Deluded Brain through a Neuroimaging Lens

2020 ◽  
pp. 107385842093617
Author(s):  
Shokouh Arjmand ◽  
Kristi A. Kohlmeier ◽  
Mina Behzadi ◽  
Mehran Ilaghi ◽  
Shahrzad Mazhari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
False Beliefs ◽  
The Neural Networks ◽  
The Brain

Delusions are irrational, tenacious, and incorrigible false beliefs that are the most common symptom of a range of brain disorders including schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease. In the case of schizophrenia and other primary delusional disorders, their appearance is often how the disorder is first detected and can be sufficient for diagnosis. At this time, not much is known about the brain dysfunctions leading to delusions, and hindering our understanding is that the complexity of the nature of delusions, and their very unique relevance to the human experience has hampered elucidation of their underlying neurobiology using either patients or animal models. Advances in neuroimaging along with improved psychiatric and cognitive modeling offers us a new opportunity to look with more investigative power into the deluded brain. In this article, based on data obtained from neuroimaging studies, we have attempted to draw a picture of the neural networks involved when delusion is present and evaluate whether different manifestations of delusions engage different regions of the brain.

CURRENT AND TRADITIONAL VIEWS ON THE BRAIN WORKS

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-212
Author(s):  
Bożydar L.J. Kaczmarek ◽  
Katarzyna Markiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
New Methods ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
The Brain

The present paper argues that the development of a new methodology in studying the brain has resulted in a change of our views on the way it works, has seen the emergence of new ideas, and a considerable modification of traditionally accepted theories. The most significant are neuroplasticity, negative activity network (NAT), the nature of aphasic disorders, and the approach to the localization of brain functions. New brain imaging techniques have confirmed also the ability to change the neuronal circuits by mental force. Moreover, new techniques have brought about a rise in new methods for both the diagnosis and rehabilitation of individuals with various brain disorders. Most valuable in this respect has proved to be neurofeedback. We have concentrated on the most important contributions of Prof. Pąchalska in the implementation and development of these new ideas on brain functioning. We also emphasize the fact that her theoretical considerations are firmly based upon her extensive (forty years) work with brain damaged patients.

Cost of Brain Disorders in Italy – A Review

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Maura Pugliatti ◽  
Paola Cossu ◽  
Patrik Sobocki ◽  
Ettore Beghi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
European Brain ◽  
Socioeconomic Burden ◽  
The Brain

Brain disorders represent 35% of the total disease burden in Europe and 37% of the total disease burden in European regions with very low child mortality and low adult mortality; the latter group includes Italy. The negative socioeconomic impact of this burden is reflected in two fundamental issues: consumption of resources and state of health. In recent years, the European Brain Council (EBC), a co-ordinating council formed by European organisations and patient associations in neurological disorders, has encouraged and supported projects aimed at analysing the socioeconomic burden of brain disorders in Europe. Within the EBC, the pan-European study on Cost of Disorders of the Brain in Europe (CDBE) aimed at reporting the best possible estimates of the societal cost of 12 brain disorders (addiction, affective disorders, anxiety disorders, tumours, dementia, epilepsy, migraine and other headaches, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, psychotic disorders, stroke and trauma) based on the existing literature, using an ad hoc cost model. The aggregated results for Italy from the CDBE study are reviewed in this paper.

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