Governing the Rio Grande: Challenges and Opportunities for New Mexico’s Water Supply

The state of Rio Grande do Sul is one of the greatest Brazilian soybean producers, which justifies the use of remote sensing techniques for monitoring areas occupied by this crop. The purpose of this work was to characterize throughout the crop cycle the variability of spectral responses of soybean leaflets, subjected to different conditions of soil tillage and water supply. The experiment was carried out in a 0.5 ha area, located in Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil, in two systems of soil tillage (no-tillage and conventional tillage) and two levels of water supply (irrigated and non-irrigated). The cultivar Fepagro RS-10 was sown in a row spacing of 0.40 m and in a population of 400,000 plants per hectare. An integrating sphere of a spectroradiometer LI-COR, model LI-1800 was used for measuring the absorbance, reflectance, transmittance on soybean leaflets. The results showed that the pattern of the incident radiation partitioning in the reflectance, transmittance and absorbance components is influenced by the crop phenological stage and by the tillage system. Despite this, there is stability on the reflectance of soybean leaflets in the red and infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, throughout the crop cycle. The inversely proportional relation between absorbance and reflectance of soybean leaflets revealed viability on the reflectance data, in monitoring of agricultural crops.

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Urban sanitation in Nigeria: the past, current and future status of access, policies and institutions

Reviews on Environmental Health ◽

10.1515/reveh-2019-0025 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 123-137

Author(s):

Obiora B. Ezeudu

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Development Planning ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Sustainable Urban Development ◽

Current Status ◽

The Past ◽

Urban Sanitation ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Future Status

AbstractThough rated among the largest economies in sub-Saharan Africa, Nigeria is currently grappling with enormous socio-economic challenges such as high poverty rate, power and water supply shortages, large-scale unemployment ratio, economic recession and underperforming agricultural sector. Judging by the scale of urgent political and economic importance, urban sanitation definitely ranks low among the government’s priorities. No wonder political slogans and manifestos of political parties feature provision of water supply while sanitation is conspicuously usually omitted. This is suggestive of the opinion that having not critically understood the status, challenges and opportunities associated with sanitation in the country’s urban areas might be partly responsible for this. Thus, the current work presents a detailed review of the past, current and future status of urban sanitation in Nigeria in terms of access coverage, policies, institutions and future challenges and opportunities. The past status was difficult to evaluate because of the absence of data and unclear definitions of the term ‘sanitation’. The current status shows among other findings that water supply issues receive domineering attention than sanitation, mainly due to merging together of discussions, policies and implementation of the two issues together. In cases where sanitation crops up in the agenda, rural areas are favored more than the urban areas. This pattern is also common in the literature. But the future of urban sanitation in Nigeria is double-edged depending on actions or inactions of the government and other stakeholders. The study further makes recommendations for – balanced and sustainable urban development planning, restructuring of land and housing policies and creation of enabling market environment that could trigger a viable sanitation industry – as the way forward.

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Surface water supply of the United States, 1961-65, Part 8,Western Gulf of Mexico basins, Volume 2, Basins from Lavaca River to Rio Grande

10.3133/wsp1923 ◽

1970 ◽

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Surface Water ◽

Gulf Of Mexico ◽

Water Supply ◽

Rio Grande ◽

The United States ◽

Surface Water Supply

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Análise espacial da morbimortalidade humana associada ao saneamento, destinação do lixo,abastecimento e tratamento de água

Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física ◽

10.26848/rbgf.v12.6.p2355-2376 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 2355

Author(s):

Jéssica Mazutti Penso-Campos ◽

Eduardo Périco ◽

Eliane Fraga da Silveira

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Environmental Pollution ◽

Waste Disposal ◽

Water Contamination ◽

Hospital Admissions ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Water Supply And Treatment

A negligência relacionada ao saneamento inadequado e à destinação incorreta de lixo tornam-se fatores que contribuem para a contaminação hídrica, assim como, a problemática da poluição ambiental é notória. O objetivo do estudo consistiu em analisar e estabelecer o grau de risco dos municípios do Rio Grande do Sul em relação à morbimortalidade humana associada ao saneamento, destinação do lixo e abastecimento e tratamento de água.A análise das áreas mais suscetíveis é relevante, uma vez que possibilita o planejamento e execução das ações emergentes, bem como, estratégias de promoção da saúde. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo e ecológico, cuja unidade de análise caracteriza-se pelo conjunto de internações hospitalares e de óbitos, ocasionados pelas doenças de transmissão hídrica e alimentar (DTHA), em relação às condições de abastecimento e tratamento de água, condições sanitárias e de destinação de lixo.Para a análise, utilizou-se a correlação de Pearson, o Índice de Moran Global e a Interpolação Linear Simples. Como resultados mapas de distribuição espacial das variáveis e mapa final de suscetibilidade às DTHA foram organizados. Aponta-se associação significativa entre a destinação de fezes/urina em esgoto e, o consumo de água sem tratamento com os coeficientes de internação e de óbito pelas DTHA. Os resultados apresentam a escala do cálculo de risco, para as DTHA, em mapa temático. Existe associação entre a morbimortalidade com variáveis de saneamento, assim como a existência de municípios com grau máximo de suscetibilidade para as DTHA. Spatial analysis of human morbidity and mortality associated with sanitation, waste disposal, water supply and treatmentABSTRACTNeglect related to inadequate sanitation and improper disposal of waste become factors that contribute to water contamination, as well as the problem of environmental pollution is notorious. The objective of the study was to analyze and establish the degree of risk of the municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul in relation to human morbidity and mortality associated with sanitation, waste disposal and water supply and treatment. The analysis of the most susceptible areas is relevant, since it allows the planning and execution of the emergent actions, as well as health promotion strategies. This is a quantitative and socioenvironmental study, whose unit of analysis is characterized by the set of hospital admissions and deaths, caused by water and food transmission diseases (DTHA), in relation to water supply and treatment conditions, conditions sanitation and waste disposal. For the analysis, the Pearson correlation, the Moran Global Index and the Simple Linear Interpolation were used. As results spatial distribution maps of the variables and final map of susceptibility to DTHA were organized. A significant association between the use of feces / urine in sewage and the consumption of untreated water with the hospitalization and death coefficients by DTHA is indicated. The results show the scale of the risk calculation, for the DTHA, in the thematic map. There is an association between morbidity and mortality with sanitation variables, as well as the existence of municipalities with a maximum degree of susceptibility to DTHA.Keywords: water contamination, environmental pollution, water and food transmission diseases, environment and development, sustainability.

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Major Water Industry Reform in Australia: A Case Study from Queensland

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2008.096 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

Author(s):

W.B. Adams

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Water Supply ◽

State Government ◽

The State ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Water Industry ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

The Government

The State Government of Queensland, Australia, has recently embarked on unparalleled reform of the water industry in the populous South-East corner of the state. This reform goes well beyond that previously seen in either the Australian electricity or water industries, and involves the geographic aggregation of 25 separate local government-owned water authorities into a five-tiered, vertically disaggregated series of new water supply and delivery businesses. Particular priority has been placed on establishing the bulk and manufactured water, trunk distribution and grid management entities that will be crucial to meeting the short and long-term water supply needs of this rapidly-growing region, however the scope of reforms covers the full water supply chain through to the consumer. The scale and pace of the reform poses significant challenges for both the industry and its regulators. To achieve the Government's aggressive timetable and delivery outcomes, all parties have had to mobilise quickly and manage the complex task of business transformation while maintaining service continuity - and against a backdrop of severe drought, unprecedented capital works programs, ongoing population growth and concurrent local government amalgamations and boundary changes. If executed properly, however, the reforms offer many potential benefits for the Government, the water authorities, and the community. This paper examines the progress of the Queensland reforms to date, and discusses the approaches taken, key observations, and challenges and opportunities for both the water businesses and the regulators.

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Coping with Water Scarcity, Risk & Uncertainty

10.37419/jpl.v1.i1.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

G. Tracy Mehan

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Population Growth ◽

Water Supply ◽

Water Scarcity ◽

The United States ◽

Good Time ◽

Water Supplies ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Risk Uncertainty

It is most appropriate that we gather here in Texas, a state blessed with a vibrant economy and robust population growth, but still coming to terms with a searing drought. Here we get a glimpse of the daunting circumstances impacting water supply and security throughout the United States. This is a good time and place to consider how we often undervalue a resource and commodity that is so important in our lives. In this way we can secure our future water supplies while coping with all the risks, challenges and opportunities this entails.

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Rio Grande and Rio Conchos water supply variability over the past 500 years

Climate Research ◽

10.3354/cr01059 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 147-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

CA Woodhouse ◽

DW Stahle ◽

J Villanueva Díaz

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Rio Grande ◽

The Past ◽

Rio Conchos

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Risco de Desabastecimento Hídrico na Região Seridó, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil.

Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física ◽

10.26848/rbgf.v14.6.p3711-3735 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 3711

Author(s):

Yuri Marques Macedo ◽

Adriano Lima Troleis ◽

Lutiane Queiroz de Almeida

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

High Risk ◽

Water Supply ◽

Risk Index ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Vulnerability Index ◽

Water Sources ◽

Water Shortages ◽

State Planning

Este trabalho tem como propósito analisar o risco de desabastecimento hídrico urbano municipal em uma região do estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN), a partir dos resultados do Índice de Risco de Desabastecimento Hídrico (IRDH). A pesquisa foi direcionada pela hipótese de que a relação entre fatores ambientais, infraestruturais, socioeconômicos e de planejamento estatal, produz territórios de risco de desabastecimento hídrico. Os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos estão baseados em Welle e Birkmann (2015); Almeida, Welle e Birkmann (2016); Medeiros (2018); Oliveira (2018); Macedo e Troleis (2020). Neste contexto, o IRDH foi estruturado em uma perspectiva sistêmica, onde os territórios de risco de desabastecimento hídrico foram identificados a partir de indicadores ambientais, infraestruturais, socioeconômicos e de planejamento estatal, utilizando como instrumentos de análise 19 variáveis. Como resultado o artigo apresenta a região de abastecimento hídrico Seridó, com 23 municípios, dos quais 20 foram classificados como ‘alto risco’ de desabastecimento hídrico (87%); 3 com ‘médio risco’ (13%) e nenhum com ‘baixo’, ‘muito baixo’ e ‘muito alto’ risco conforme a classificação do IRDH. A região apresentou-se extremamente vulnerável ao desabastecimento hídrico, principalmente pelas características ambientais e infraestruturais destacados por períodos de estiagem prolongada, baixa disponibilidade de abastecimento dos mananciais superficiais e subterrâneos, além de fragilidade na infraestrutura de saneamento básico, a partir da exposição dos mananciais à contaminação. Foram propostas a transposição de bacias, integração de sistemas de abastecimento, pesquisa hidrogeológica entre outras, para mitigação do risco de desabastecimento hídrico resultante para esta região.Palavras-chave: Vulnerabilidade; Índice; Seridó, Colapso Hídrico. Risk of Water Shortage in The Seridó Region of Rio Grande Do Norte, Brazil A B S T R A C TThis paper aims to analyze the risk of municipal urban water shortages in a region of the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), based on the results of the Water Supply Risk Index (IRDH). The research was guided by the hypothesis that the relationship between environmental, infrastructural, socioeconomic and state planning factors produces territories at risk of water shortages. The theoretical-methodological assumptions are based on Welle e Birkmann (2015); Almeida, Welle and Birkmann (2016); Medeiros (2018); Oliveira (2018); Macedo and Troleis (2020). In this context, the IRDH was structured from a systemic perspective, in which the territories at risk of water shortages were identified through environmental, infrastructural, socioeconomic and state planning indicators - as instruments of analysis, nineteen variables were used. As a result, the article presents the Seridó water supply region, with 23 municipalities, of which 20 were classified as 'high risk' of water shortages (87%); 3 as ‘medium risk’ (13%) and none as ‘low’, ‘very low’ and ‘very high’ risk as per the IRDH rating. The region is extremely vulnerable to water shortages, the main reasons are the environmental and infrastructural characteristics highlighted by periods of prolonged drought, low availability of supply of surface and underground water sources, in addition to shortcoming in basic sanitation infrastructure, which caused by the exposure of water sources to contamination. Watershed transposition, integration of supply systems, hydrogeological research, among others, were proposed to mitigate the risk of resulting water shortages for this region.Keywords: Vulnerability; Index; Seridó, Water Collapse

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