People Counter: Counting of Mostly Static People in Indoor Conditions

2012 ◽  
pp. 133-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Khemlani ◽  
Kester Duncan ◽  
Sudeep Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Conditions

scholarly journals Overheating Risk and Energy Demand of Nordic Old and New Apartment Buildings during Average and Extreme Weather Conditions under a Changing Climate

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3972
Author(s):  
Azin Velashjerdi Farahani ◽  
Juha Jokisalo ◽  
Natalia Korhonen ◽  
Kirsti Jylhä ◽  
Kimmo Ruosteenoja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Living Room ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
Cooling Unit ◽  
Indoor Conditions

The global average air temperature is increasing as a manifestation of climate change and more intense and frequent heatwaves are expected to be associated with this rise worldwide, including northern Europe. Summertime indoor conditions in residential buildings and the health of occupants are influenced by climate change, particularly if no mechanical cooling is used. The energy use of buildings contributes to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions. It is, therefore, necessary to analyze the effects of climate change on the overheating risk and energy demand of residential buildings and to assess the efficiency of various measures to alleviate the overheating. In this study, simulations of dynamic energy and indoor conditions in a new and an old apartment building are performed using two climate scenarios for southern Finland, one for average and the other for extreme weather conditions in 2050. The evaluated measures against overheating included orientations, blinds, site shading, window properties, openable windows, the split cooling unit, and the ventilation cooling and ventilation boost. In both buildings, the overheating risk is high in the current and projected future average climate and, in particular, during exceptionally hot summers. The indoor conditions are occasionally even injurious for the health of occupants. The openable windows and ventilation cooling with ventilation boost were effective in improving the indoor conditions, during both current and future average and extreme weather conditions. However, the split cooling unit installed in the living room was the only studied solution able to completely prevent overheating in all the spaces with a fairly small amount of extra energy usage.

scholarly journals Barriers on Establishing Passive Strategies in Office Spaces: A Case Study in a Historic University Building

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4563
Author(s):  
Nuno Baía Baía Saraiva ◽  
Luisa Dias Dias Pereira ◽  
Adélio Rodrigues Gaspar ◽  
José Joaquim da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Hvac Systems ◽  
Heritage Buildings ◽  
Full Capacity ◽  
Free Cooling ◽  
Passive Strategies ◽  
The University ◽  
Indoor Conditions

The adaptation of spaces to different usage typologies can be complex in heritage buildings. Facilities were initially planned for a specific type of use that, when changed, require additional measures to ensure a suitable indoor environment. Passive strategies—e.g., free cooling—are commonly used as an alternative without requiring equipment installation. However, its implementation often leads to unsatisfactory conditions. Therefore, it is important to clarify the main barriers to achieving thermal comfort in readapted historic buildings. The present work investigates the thermal comfort conditions reported by workers in office spaces of a historic building in the University of Coimbra. A monitoring campaign was carried out between May and September 2020 to assess indoor conditions’ quality. Due to the current pandemic of COVID-19, offices were not occupied at full capacity. A one-day evaluation of thermal comfort was made using a climate analyzer and six occupants were surveyed on 19 August 2020. The main results highlighted discomfort due to overheating of spaces. The causes were related to the combination of inadequate implementation of the free cooling actions and the building use. Furthermore, it was recommended the installation of HVAC systems in case of full capacity.

scholarly journals On the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and relationship with indoor conditions at a hospital

2021 ◽  
pp. 118563
Author(s):  
Zeynab Baboli ◽  
Niloofar Neisi ◽  
Ali.Akbar Babaei ◽  
Mehdi Ahmadi ◽  
Armin Sorooshian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Airborne Transmission ◽  
Indoor Conditions

scholarly journals BIM and IoT Sensors Integration: A Framework for Consumption and Indoor Conditions Data Monitoring of Existing Buildings

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4496
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Desogus ◽  
Emanuela Quaquero ◽  
Giulia Rubiu ◽  
Gianluca Gatto ◽  
Cristian Perra
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Application Programming Interface ◽  
Visual Programming ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Building Maintenance ◽  
Indoor Conditions

The low accessibility to the information regarding buildings current performances causes deep difficulties in planning appropriate interventions. Internet of Things (IoT) sensors make available a high quantity of data on energy consumptions and indoor conditions of an existing building that can drive the choice of energy retrofit interventions. Moreover, the current developments in the topic of the digital twin are leading the diffusion of Building Information Modeling (BIM) methods and tools that can provide valid support to manage all data and information for the retrofit process. This paper shows the aim and the findings of research focused on testing the integrated use of BIM methodology and IoT systems. A common data platform for the visualization of building indoor conditions (e.g., temperature, luminance etc.) and of energy consumption parameters was carried out. This platform, tested on a case study located in Italy, is developed with the integration of low-cost IoT sensors and the Revit model. To obtain a dynamic and automated exchange of data between the sensors and the BIM model, the Revit software was integrated with the Dynamo visual programming platform and with a specific Application Programming Interface (API). It is an easy and straightforward tool that can provide building managers with real-time data and information about the energy consumption and the indoor conditions of buildings, but also allows for viewing of the historical sensor data table and creating graphical historical sensor data. Furthermore, the BIM model allows the management of other useful information about the building, such as dimensional data, functions, characteristics of the components of the building, maintenance status etc., which are essential for a much more conscious, effective and accurate management of the building and for defining the most suitable retrofit scenarios.

Indoor Environmental Quality Survey: A Brief Comparison between Different Post Occupancy Evaluation Methods

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 1148-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Galatioto ◽  
Giuliana Leone ◽  
Daniele Milone ◽  
Salvatore Pitruzzella ◽  
Vincenzo Franzitta
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Building Performance ◽  
Indoor Environmental Quality ◽  
Objective Method ◽  
Post Occupancy Evaluation ◽  
Subjective Judgments ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Indoor Conditions

Building occupants are important factor in giving information on indoor conditions such as comfort, productivity, building performance and occupants ́ health. Even that, being their appraisal mainly based on subjective judgments, it is difficult to set up a standard and objective method for this purpose. The present work aimed to describe, analyze and compare the most common tests on this topic, in order to highlight critical, failings and strengths.

scholarly journals Antiviral Effect of Visible Light-Sensitive CuxO/TiO2 Photocatalyst

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1093
Author(s):  
Masahiro Miyauchi ◽  
Kayano Sunada ◽  
Kazuhito Hashimoto
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Photocatalytic Oxidation ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Light Illumination ◽  
Tio2 Photocatalyst ◽  
Valence States ◽  
Antiviral Function ◽  
Dark Conditions ◽  
Indoor Conditions ◽  
Interfacial Charge

Photocatalysis is an effective technology for preventing the spread of pandemic-scale viruses. This review paper presents an overview of the recent progress in the development of an efficient visible light-sensitive photocatalyst, i.e., a copper oxide nanoclusters grafted titanium dioxide (CuxO/TiO2). The antiviral CuxO/TiO2 photocatalyst is functionalised by a different mechanism in addition to the photocatalytic oxidation process. The CuxO nanocluster consists of the valence states of Cu(I) and Cu(II); herein, the Cu(I) species denaturalizes the protein of the virus, thereby resulting in significant antiviral properties even under dark conditions. Moreover, the Cu(II) species in the CuxO nanocluster serves as an electron acceptor through photo-induced interfacial charge transfer, which leads to the formation of an anti-virus Cu(I) species and holes with strong oxidation power in the valence band of TiO2 under visible-light irradiation. The antiviral function of the CuxO/TiO2 photocatalyst is maintained under indoor conditions, where light illumination is enabled during the day but not during the night; this is because the remaining active Cu(I) species works under dark conditions. The CuxO/TiO2 photocatalyst can thus be used to reduce the risk of virus infection by acting as an antiviral coating material.

scholarly journals Assessment of Building Automation and Control Systems in Danish Healthcare Facilities in the COVID-19 Era

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 427
Author(s):  
Jeanette Maria Pedersen ◽  
Farah Jebaei ◽  
Muhyiddine Jradi
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Building Automation ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Automation And Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Indoor Conditions ◽  
The Impact

A well-designed and properly operated building automation and control system (BACS) is key to attaining energy-efficient operation and optimal indoor conditions. In this study, three healthcare facilities of a different type, age, and use are considered as case studies to investigate the functionalities of BACS in providing optimal air quality and thermal comfort. IBACSA, the first-of-its-kind instrument for BACS assessment and smartness evaluation, is used to evaluate the current systems and their control functionalities. The BACS assessment is reported and analyzed. Then, three packages of improvements were implemented in the three cases, focusing on (1) technical systems enhancement, (2) indoor air quality and comfort, and (3) energy efficiency. It was found that the ventilation system domain is the best performer in the three considered cases with an overall score of 52%, 89% and 91% in Case A, B, and C,, respectively. On the other hand, domestic hot water domain scores are relatively low, indicating that this is an area where Danish healthcare facilities need to provide more concentration on. A key finding indicated by the assessment performed is that the three buildings score relatively very low when it comes to the impact criteria of energy flexibility and storage.

scholarly journals Interrelationship of Indoor particulate matter and Respiratory dust deposition of women in the residence of Dhanbad City, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHRAVAN KUMAR ◽  
Manish Kumar Jain
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Dust Deposition ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Indoor Particulate Matter ◽  
Indoor Air Pollutants ◽  
Indoor Conditions

Abstract Women spend relatively more time in indoor conditions in developing countries. Exposure to various indoor air pollutants leads them to higher health risks according to Household air quality in which they reside. Particulate matter (PM) exposure with their exposure duration inside the household plays a significant role in women's Respiratory problems. We measured size segregated particulate matter concentrations in 63 residences at different locations. Respiratory dust depositions (RDDs) for 118 women in their different respiratory regions like head-airway (HD), tracheobronchial (TB), and alveolar (AL) region for the three PM size fractions (PM10, PM2.5 & PM1) were investigated. For different positions like Light exercise and the Sitting condition, RDD values found for AL region was 0.091 µgmin− 1 (SD: 0.067, 0.012–0.408) and 0.028 µgmin− 1 (SD: 0.021, 0.003–0.126) for PM10, 0.325 µgmin− 1 (SD: 0.254, 0.053–1.521) and 0.183 µgmin− 1 (SD: 0.143, 0.031–0.857) for PM2.5, 0.257 µgmin− 1 (SD: 0.197, 0.043–1.04) and 0.057 µgmin− 1 (SD: 0.044, 0.009–0.233) respectively for PM1 to females. RDDs values in the AL region significantly increases as PM10 (11%), PM2.5 (68%), and PM1 (21%), confirm that for women, the AL region is the most prominent affected zone by fine particles (PM2.5).

Condensation performance of superhydrophobic aluminium surface material used for cooled ceiling panels under highly humid indoor conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2069 (1) ◽  
pp. 012121
Author(s):  
Z W Zhong ◽  
J L Niu ◽  
W Ma ◽  
S H Yao ◽  
M Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superhydrophobic Surface ◽  
Pure Aluminum ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Aluminum Sheet ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Pure Aluminium ◽  
Radiant Cooling ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Cooled Ceiling ◽  
Indoor Conditions

Abstract The application of radiant cooling systems is very limited in hot and humid areas due to condensation. Research on superhydrophobic surface (SHS) materials has shown the potential of restricting the size of condensate drops on these materials, which provides possibilities for preventing dripping and thereby alleviating condensation risks for cooled ceiling panels, but there are few studies on the anti-condensation performance of these materials under the scale and conditions of building applications. An experimental study of condensation on superhydrophobic materials under indoor conditions is presented in this article. Two material samples with a size of 2.5 cm, including a superhydrophobic aluminum sheet and a pure aluminium sheet, were affixed on a cooled ceiling panel to perform the experiment under the following condition: temperature is 25°C ± 0.5°C, relative humidity is 80% ± 5%, and air dew point is 21.4°C. The panel was cooled by chilled water of 6°C for eight hours. The measured temperature on sample surfaces was about 13.5°C during the experiment. After eight-hour condensation, the diameter of drops on the superhydrophobic aluminum sheet was less than 150 μm, while the max drop on the pure aluminum sheet was near 4 mm. The results suggested that the size of condensate drops on superhydrophobic surface materials can be largely restricted during a long-time indoor operation below the dew point, which shows their potential for constructing condensation-free radiant cooling panels.

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