Convective Overturning and the Saturation Point

1982 ◽  
pp. 117-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan K. Betts
Keyword(s):  
Saturation Point

Using near infrared measurements to evaluate NaCl and KCl in water

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-155
Author(s):  
Reisha D Peters ◽  
Scott D Noble
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Spectral Measurements ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Saturation Point ◽  
Test Set ◽  
Solution Type ◽  
All Solutions ◽  
Infrared Measurements

Spectral differences between aqueous solutions of NaCl and KCl have received minimal attention in previous research due to strong similarities between the two salts and the lack of motivation to differentiate between them. Correlations between salinity and absorbance have been developed previously with varying degrees of linearity but have not been tested to saturation. This work will demonstrate that correlating spectral measurements and the concentration of NaCl and KCl in water can be extended up to the saturation point of both salts and that solutions of these salts with unknown concentrations can be distinguished. Spectral data for samples of NaCl and KCl in single-salt solutions were collected up to saturation and correlations were developed for differentiating between solutions of the two species. These correlations were able to correctly identify the solution type for all solutions in the test set and estimate their concentrations with an average error of 0.9%.

scholarly journals Moisture-Dependent Strength Properties of Thermally-Modified Fraxinus excelsior Wood in Compression

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Roszyk ◽  
Elżbieta Stachowska ◽  
Jerzy Majka ◽  
Przemysław Mania ◽  
Magdalena Broda
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Thermal Modification ◽  
Fraxinus Excelsior ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Saturation Point ◽  
Wood Moisture ◽  
Intrinsic Anisotropy ◽  
European Ash

European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) is one of the species commonly used for wood thermal modification that improves its performance. The presented research aimed to investigate a moisture-dependent strength anisotropy of thermally-modified European ash in compression. Wood samples were modified at 180 °C and 200 °C. Their mechanical parameters were determined in the principal anatomical directions under dry (moisture content of 3%) and wet (moisture content above fibre saturation point) conditions. Effect of heat treatment temperature and moisture content on the ash wood mechanical parameters concerning each anatomical direction were determined. The results show that thermal treatment kept the intrinsic anisotropy of wood mechanical properties. It decreased wood hygroscopicity, which resulted in improved strength and elasticity measured for wet wood when compared to untreated and treated samples. Higher treatment temperature (200 °C) increased wood elasticity in compression in all the anatomical directions despite wood moisture content during the measurements. Multivariate analysis revealed that the modification temperature significantly affected the modulus of elasticity perpendicular to the grain, while in the case of compression strength, the statistically significant effect was observed only parallel to the grain. The results obtained can be useful from an industrial perspective and can serve as part of a database for further modelling purposes.

scholarly journals Social Acceptance of Aquaculture in Spain: An Instrument to Achieve Sustainability for Society

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6628
Author(s):  
José Ruiz-Chico ◽  
José M. Biedma-Ferrer ◽  
Antonio R. Peña-Sánchez ◽  
Mercedes Jiménez-García
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Saturation Point ◽  
Traditional Fishing ◽  
Further Development

Aquaculture is a technique to produce food that is under debate, due to its possible consequences for altering the economy, traditional fishing included, or the environment, even with doubts about the health of consumers. This document studies its social acceptance from the point of view of carrying capacity. This term is defined as the level at which this activity begins to be disproportionate and poses important disadvantages for society. In this context, we conducted 803 surveys in six coastal provinces in Spain. The results show that the acceptance of these products is good, implying that aquaculture is far from reaching its saturation point in society. Additionally, the respondents gave a higher priority to socio-economic objectives than to environmental ones. We can conclude that the further development of this sector is advisable in these provinces. The general perception of aquaculture is better among men, and also among higher-income consumers. Informative activities should be organized to target these more hesitant groups. Production structures should be revised to overcome biases in the population about the idea that the food obtained from aquaculture harms the environment or is less natural or healthy. The possible abuse of feed and chemicals spreads this idea, and this could affect the taste and quality adversely.

scholarly journals Photosynthetic Characteristics of Four Wild Dendrobium Species in China

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1023-1027
Author(s):  
Gang-Yi Wu ◽  
Jun-Ai Hui ◽  
Zai-Hua Wang ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Qing-Sheng Ye
Keyword(s):  
Glycolate Oxidase ◽  
Photosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Light Saturation ◽  
Saturation Point ◽  
Apparent Quantum Yield ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Photosynthetic Physiology ◽  
Light Saturation Point ◽  
Second Peak ◽  
Dendrobium Densiflorum

Photosynthetic physiology of Dendrobium nobile, Dendrobium pendulum, Dendrobium chrysotoxum, and Dendrobium densiflorum was studied. A bimodal diurnal variation of the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was observed in the four Dendrobium species with the first peak [5.09 to 6.06 μmol (CO2) per m−2·s−1] ≈1100 hr and the second peak [3.83 to 4.58 μmol (CO2) per m−2·s−1] at 1500 hr. No CO2 fixation was observed at night. For all four Dendrobium species, the light compensation point (LCP) was 5 to 10 μmol·m−2·s−1, light saturation point (LSP) ranged from 800 to 1000 μmol·m−2·s−1, apparent quantum yield (AQY) was 0.02, and CO2 compensation points (CCP) and saturation point (CSP) were 60 to 85 μmol·mol−1 and 800 to 1000 μmol·mol−1, respectively. Carboxylation efficiency (CE) values ranged from 0.011 to 0.020. The optimum temperature for photosynthesis was between 26 and 30 °C. The measurement of Pn seasonal variation indicated that July to August had the higher Pn for Dendrobium species. Additionally, the chlorophyll a/b (Chl a/b) ratios of the leaves were 2.77 to 2.89. Measurement of key enzymes in the photosynthetic pathway indicated relatively high Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) and glycolate oxidase (GO) activities but very low phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) activities. It suggested that these four Dendrobium species are typical semishade C3 plants.

scholarly journals MOTIVASI INTRINSIK DAN EXTRINSIK PADA PENINGKATAN KINERJA (STUDI KASUS PADA HEPI POTATO (PIPO))

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 147-158
Author(s):  
Liliana Dewi ◽  
Tamara Aurellian Thendean
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Work Motivation ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Retrieval Process ◽  
Saturation Point ◽  
Internal Motivation ◽  
Knowing How ◽  
Interview Method

This research is done with a purpose of knowing how the evaluation of the work motivation that has an impact on the performance of the members of Hepi Potato (PIPO). Methods that was used for this research is qualitative approach. The data retrieval process is done by interview method. The researcher interviewed 4 informants, they are 2 members of PIPO, a facilitator lecturer of PIPO, and a motivation expert. The aim of this research is to improve the performance of the members of PIPO by evaluating their work motivation. Based on the result of the interview, it has been found that the performance of PIPO was already good enough but has not maximum yet so it still can be improved, while for the valuation of the work motivation in PIPO decreased because of the rushing activity and has reached saturation point. The result of this research is that to increase the work motivation in PIPO, each member must search for internal motivation first and each member has to be open with one another so they can support each other. Other than motivation, there are other factors that can improve the performance which are direct supervisor and organizational culture.

scholarly journals Removal of organochlorine pesticides from water using virgin and regenerated granular activated carbon

2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Ninkovic ◽  
Rada Petrovic ◽  
Mila Lausevic
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Granular Activated Carbon ◽  
Breakthrough Curves ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Saturation Point ◽  
Chlorinated Pesticides ◽  
Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Adsorption Capacities ◽  
Public Water Systems ◽  
Derivatives Of

Public water systems use granular activated carbon in order to eliminate pesticides. After saturation, the used activated carbon is regenerated and reused in order to reduce the costs of water production and minimize waste. In this study, the adsorption of 10 different chlorinated pesticides from water using columns packed with commercial virgin and regenerated granular activated carbon was simulated in order to compare their adsorption capacities for different chlorinated pesticides. The breakthrough curves showed that chlorinated pesticides from the group of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were poorly adsorbed, followed by cyclodiens as averagely adsorbed and the derivatives of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (DDT) as strongly absorbed. However, the adsorption capacity of regenerated granular activated carbon was considerably lower for tested pesticides compared to the virgin granular carbon. In addition, rinsing of the pesticides after the saturation point is a far more efficient process on regenerated carbon.

scholarly journals How cells determine the number of polarity sites

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-geng Chiou ◽  
Kyle D Moran ◽  
Daniel J Lew
Keyword(s):  
Design Principle ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Saturation Point ◽  
Rho Family Gtpases ◽  
Rho Family ◽  
Theoretical Analyses ◽  
Novel Design ◽  
Insight Into

The diversity of cell morphologies arises, in part, through regulation of cell polarity by Rho-family GTPases. A poorly understood but fundamental question concerns the regulatory mechanisms by which different cells generate different numbers of polarity sites. Mass-conserved activator-substrate (MCAS) models that describe polarity circuits develop multiple initial polarity sites, but then those sites engage in competition, leaving a single winner. Theoretical analyses predicted that competition would slow dramatically as GTPase concentrations at different polarity sites increase towards a 'saturation point', allowing polarity sites to coexist. Here, we test this prediction using budding yeast cells, and confirm that increasing the amount of key polarity proteins results in multiple polarity sites and simultaneous budding. Further, we elucidate a novel design principle whereby cells can switch from competition to equalization among polarity sites. These findings provide insight into how cells with diverse morphologies may determine the number of polarity sites.

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