scholarly journals Russian Vision of the Problems and Prospects of the International Legal Framework in the Context of Small Modular Reactors and Transportable Nuclear Power Units

Nuclear Law ◽  
2022 ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Andrey Popov
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Civil Liability ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Small Modular Reactors ◽  
International Conventions

AbstractSmall modular reactors (SMRs) could be key to providing developing regions with clean and affordable (and cost-effective) electricity. Deployment of SMRs requires a transparent and balanced legal framework that will define the specifics and boundaries of shared responsibility between the host and supplier country, especially in the case of innovative floating SMR projects. Legal experience in nuclear-powered vessels and nuclear installations can be used in the development of regulatory approaches for floating SMRs. This chapter provides an analysis of the applicability of the existing international conventions, including the 1974 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, the IAEA safeguards agreements, and civil liability instruments, to the floating SMRs. In addition, some considerations for the future development of the legal framework for floating SMRs are proposed.

scholarly journals International Laws on Oil Pollution Caused by Ships and Their Enforcement in Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pham Van Tan
Keyword(s):  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Civil Liability ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Pollution Damage ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
International Laws ◽  
International Conventions

Pollution in the marine environment, especially pollution caused by oil, is of major interest to the international community because the sea plays a major role in human life. With the rapid development of Vietnam’s maritime activities, the risk of oil pollution in Vietnam’s sea is increasing. Therefore, the study of the international laws on oil pollution caused by ships is also an urgent and necessary issue for Vietnam. The system of modern international laws has formed the legal regulatory framework to address oil pollution caused by ships at the sea by a series of international conventions related to oil pollution. With the comparison method and assessment method, the article describes a new idea for improving the oil pollution law system of Vietnam, based on the analysis and comparison of international conventions on oil pollution caused by ships with several Vietnam laws, including: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982; International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978; International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1992; and International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage 2001. From these analyses and comparisons, the author offers some learned lessons for Vietnam, which have helped Vietnam to develop legal documents to improve the legal system regarding oil pollution – which is a necessity for Vietnam at present.

scholarly journals Nuclear Newcomer Countries—The Path of the United Arab Emirates

Nuclear Law ◽  
2022 ◽  
pp. 299-318
Author(s):  
Hamad AlKaabi
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Radiation Sources ◽  
Nuclear Policy ◽  
Financial Investments ◽  
High Level ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
Nuclear Power Programme

AbstractEmbarking on nuclear power requires high-level political decisions and commitments, considerable planning efforts, financial investments and commercial considerations, long-term sustainability for safety; as well as international and legal framework for a nuclear power programme. There are numerous challenges surrounding government decisions to introduce nuclear power into the energy mix of a country. This chapter highlights the United Arab Emirates’ (UAE) experience and accomplishments in the development and regulation of its nuclear power programme. In particular, it focuses on the milestones of the UAE path, which might be of interest to nuclear newcomer countries and to a broader international community. This chapter outlines the development of the UAE comprehensive national nuclear law and regulatory framework, which started with the so-called “nuclear policy”. It also includes an overview of a strategy that was developed and set the early path for the UAE peaceful nuclear programme, including timelines for specific targets. The international conventions and UAE’s nuclear cooperation agreements, as well as the cooperation with the IAEA are also mentioned. Particular attention has been paid to the role of the UAE nuclear regulator and its mandate and the development of the UAE regulations and regulatory guides. The licensing of the nuclear power programme, as well as the licensing of other activities and practices involving radiation sources have been also described in the publication. In conclusion, the publication shares some lessons the UAE learnt and on which it will base its efforts towards the continuous enhancement of its legal framework.

scholarly journals The Nuclear Civil Liability Regimes and the Path Forward for the State of Qatar

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-283
Author(s):  
Ali Al Maadeed
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Civil Liability ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
The North ◽  
Energy Independence ◽  
International Conventions

While many states are moving away from nuclear power and decommissioning their reactors for cheaper and safer alternative energy sources, recent years have seen a spark in interest for nuclear power within the Middle East under the pretext of ‘energy independence’. This trend poses a potential threat for the safety of the region considering that nuclear power plants are prone to human errors, deliberate attacks, and natural environmental convulsions which could trigger potential transboundary fallout. Given the region’s small and compacted geography along with the increasingly volatile geopolitical instability, a regional incident would likely have much direr consequences compared to other previous nuclear incidents. As a non-nuclear power state, Qatar is not currently party to any of the nuclear civil liability conventions which could guarantee some level of compensation for the victims in case of transboundary nuclear harm. In due course, Qatar will be surrounded by nuclear reactors from the north (the Iranian Bushehr plant), the east (the UAE Barakah plant) and the west (the planned Saudi plants). As exemplified by the COVID-19 pandemic, theoretical transboundary calamities can unexpectedly become a sudden reality and there is a solemn need to work proactively when dealing with such consequential hypotheticals. Therefore, this article qualitatively assesses the relevant international conventions with an aim of being policy relevant and navigate Qatari decision-makers through the vexing web of the nuclear civil liability regimes.

scholarly journals OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES RELATED TO THE DEPLOYMENT OF SMALL MODULAR REACTORS IN MINES IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORIES OF CANADA

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-153
Author(s):  
Horatio Sam-Aggrey
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Mineral Exploration ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Small Modular Reactors ◽  
Economic Barriers ◽  
Northern Territories ◽  
The Cost

Small modular reactors (SMRs) are being touted as safer, more cost effective, and more flexible than traditional nuclear power plants. Consequently, it has been argued that SMR technology is pivotal to the revitalization of the nuclear industry at the national and global levels. Drawing mainly on previously published literature, this paper explores the opportunities and challenges related to the deployment of SMRs in the northern territories of Canada. The paper examines the potential role of SMRs in providing an opportunity for remote mines in northern Canada to reduce their vulnerability and dependence on costly, high-carbon diesel fuel. The paper also outlines and discusses some of the potential socio-economic barriers that could impede the successful introduction of SMRs in the territories. These issues include: economic factors (such as the price of primary minerals and economics of mineral exploration, and the cost of SMR deployment), the lack of infrastructure in the territories to support mining developments, and the issues pertaining to the social acceptance of nuclear power generation.

Remedies for Breach of Contract: The Future Development of Scots Law in its European and International Context

1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector L MacQueen
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
European Contract ◽  
Breach Of Contract ◽  
International Context ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Future ◽  
University Of Edinburgh ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
Law Commission

This paper,first presented on 21 October 1995 at ajoint seminar ofthe Scottish Law Commission and the Faculty of Law, University of Edinburgh, on the subject of breach of contract, considers the future development of the law in this area, first by considering its history and current state in comparative terms and drawing the conclusion that it is characterised by a mixture of Civilian and Common Law elements; second, by comparing Scots law with the provisions on breach contained in recently published proposals for a harmonised law of contract (the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, the Principles of European Contract Law prepared by the Lando Commission, and the draft “code”for the United Kingdom prepared on behalf of the English Law Commission by Harvey McGregor in the late 1960s) and in international conventions on the sale of goods. Although Scots law emerges reasonably wellfrom this exercise, there are a number of points to be taken on board in any future reform, as well as some insights into important underlying principles.

Features of support of agriculture (the case of the Tyumen Region)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-48
Author(s):  
Aleksandra G. Balakhnina ◽  
Gulnara F. Romashkina
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Federal Budget ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
State Support ◽  
Budget Planning ◽  
Social Forms ◽  
Regional Budget ◽  
State Programs

This article systematizes the legal framework, forms, and volumes of support for agriculture from the federal budget of Russia and the regional budget (on the example of the Tyumen Region). The authors have performed a detailed analysis of the directions of such support for 2016-2019. The historical, economic and social features of the relationship between the state and agriculture are shown. State support for agriculture is objectively necessary, and competent budget planning makes it possible to develop. However, the dominance of direct forms of spending support does not stimulate cost-effective and innovative activities, which in the future can bring the industry to a competitive level. There is very little and irregular support for social forms, the development of farming and other forms of private farming in rural areas. The authors conclude that the policy of state support is sufficiently provided by legislative acts, resolutions and state programs. Many programs are updated, and new versions are adopted even before the previous ones expire. Such strong volatility hurts strategic projects and agricultural initiatives. Less expensive forms of activity-mediation and trade turn profitable. Living conditions in the villages significantly stay behind in quality and opportunities, which leads to the human capital leaving rural areas. The authors propose to pay more attention to the development of indirect forms of support, to stimulate economic activity and small businesses.

Barriers to the Use of Neurologic Criteria to Declare Death in Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 104990912110069
Author(s):  
Ariane Lewis ◽  
Andrew Kumpfbeck ◽  
Jordan Liebman ◽  
Sam D. Shemie ◽  
Gene Sung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
The World ◽  
Religious Perspectives ◽  
World Brain ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Death By Neurologic Criteria

There are varying medical, legal, social, religious and philosophical perspectives about the distinction between life and death. Death can be declared using cardiopulmonary or neurologic criteria throughout much of the world. After solicitation of brain death/death by neurologic criteria (BD/DNC) protocols from contacts around the world, we found that the percentage of countries with BD/DNC protocols is much lower in Africa than other developing regions. We performed an informal review of the literature to identify barriers to declaration of BD/DNC in Africa. We found that there are numerous medical, legal, social and religious barriers to the creation of BD/DNC protocols in Africa including 1) limited number of healthcare facilities, critical care resources and clinicians with relevant expertise; 2) absence of a political and legal framework codifying death; and 3) cultural and religious perspectives that present ideological conflict with the idea of BD/DNC, in particular, and between traditional and Western medicine, in general. Because there are a number of unique barriers to the creation of BD/DNC protocols in Africa, it remains to be seen how the World Brain Death Project, which is intended to create minimum standards for BD/DNC around the world, will impact BD/DNC determination in Africa.

Inservice Testing Program Improvements for New Reactors Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald C. Lippy
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Nuclear Power Plants ◽  
Nuclear Regulatory Commission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Small Modular Reactors ◽  
American Society ◽  
Construction Permit ◽  
Regulatory Commission

The nuclear industry is preparing for the licensing and construction of new nuclear power plants in the United States. Several new designs have been developed and approved, including the “traditional” reactor designs, the passive safe shutdown designs and the small modular reactors (SMRs). The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) provides specific Codes used to perform preservice inspection/testing and inservice inspection/testing for many of the components used in the new reactor designs. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews information provided by applicants related to inservice testing (IST) programs for Design Certifications and Combined Licenses (COLs) under Part 52, “Licenses, Certifications, and Approvals for Nuclear Power Plants,” in Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR Part 52) (Reference 1). The 2012 Edition of the ASME OM Code defines a post-2000 plant as a nuclear power plant that was issued (or will be issued) its construction permit, or combined license for construction and operation, by the applicable regulatory authority on or following January 1, 2000. The New Reactors OM Code (NROMC) Task Group (TG) of the ASME Code for Operation and Maintenance of Nuclear Power Plants (NROMC TG) is assigned the task of ensuring that the preservice testing (PST) and IST provisions in the ASME OM Code to address pumps, valves, and dynamic restraints (snubbers) in post-2000 nuclear power plants are adequate to provide reasonable assurance that the components will operate as needed when called upon. Currently, the NROMC TG is preparing proposed guidance for the treatment of active pumps, valves, and dynamic restraints with high safety significance in non-safety systems in passive post-2000 reactors including SMRs.

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