Constitutionality of Legal Interpretation—Taking Interpretation of Article 166 and 167 of the Real Rights Law as an Example

Author(s):  
Zhu Wang
2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond Manderson

Henry James’ short novel The Turn of the Screw appeared in 1898. It is a ghost story, uncanny both in content and in form. It relates such uneventful events that the reader is left turning from interpretation to interpretation, trying to determine just what is going on. Yet like the ghosts themselves, wherever we look, there is nothing to see. Until the very last sentence of the book, which hits one like a fist, nothing happens, nothing is proved, and yet a palpable feeling of tension and anxiety builds. It is therefore not fanciful to suggest that the real power of the story lies not in its narrative but in its rhetoric. The book creates a mood of anxiety that infects the reader’s reading. This is what one might call the ‘performative’ dimension of the story. James’ tale constitutes a reader, alert but confused, who thereby experiences the feeling of being part of a ghost story rather than merely reading about one. Sixty years later, HLA Hart and Lon Fuller likewise do not merely describe two different approaches to legal interpretation: in their style, rhetoric and structure they perform these approaches. This essay similarly wishes to connect its argument with its form and for this reason I have chosen to devote considerable space to discussing a work of literature. The Turn of the Screw illuminates certain essential features of the Hart/Fuller debate. Both are tales about law, interpretation, and ghosts. Through James, this essay argues that the debate between Hart and Fuller epitomizes legal interpretation as haunted. Rhetorically, they present two largely incommensurable visions of law. Yet their efforts to exclude the other’s approach fails. But instead of choosing between Hart and Fuller we can gain a richer understanding of legal interpretation if we treat their performance as mutual and interactive. I do not mean that Hart and Fuller can in any way be reconciled through compromise or synthesis. I mean rather that each remains ‘haunted’, and therefore productively unsettled, by the perspective of the other. To be haunted is never to be comfortable with one’s judgment or knowledge, never at peace. This may be ‘a horror’ in a story, but necessary in a legal system.Le court roman de Henry James, The Turn of the Screw, est paru en 1898. C’est une histoire de fantômes, étrange à la fois par son contenu et par sa forme. Il raconte des événements si peu mouvementés que le lecteur se voit passer d’interprétation à interprétation, essayant de déterminer exactement ce qui se passe. Pourtant, comme pour les fantômes eux-mêmes, où que nous regardions, il n’y a rien à voir. Jusqu’à la toute dernière phrase du livre, qui frappe comme un coup de poing, rien ne se passe, rien n’est prouvé, et pourtant un sentiment palpable de tension et d’anxiété s’accumule. Ce n’est donc pas de l’imaginaire que de suggérer que la puissance réelle du récit se situe non dans sa narration mais dans sa rhétorique. Le livre crée une atmosphère d’anxiété qui imprègne la lecture du lecteur. C’est ce que l’on pourrait appeler la dimension «performative» du récit. Le conte de James constitue un lecteur, alerte mais confus, qui ressent ainsi qu’il fait partie d’une histoire de fantômes plutôt que de seulement en lire une à ce sujet. Soixante ans plus tard, HLA Hart et Lon Fuller de la même façon ne font pas simplement décrire deux approches différentes à l’interprétation juridique : de par leur style, leur rhétorique et leur structure, ils mettent en oeuvre ces approches. De façon semblable, cet article veut lier son argument à sa forme et c’est pour cela que j’ai choisi de consacrer considérablement de place à discuter une oeuvre littéraire. The Turn of the Screw illumine certains aspects essentiels du débat Hart/Fuller. Ce sont tous les deux des récits au sujet du droit, de l’interprétation et de fantômes. Par le biais de James, cet article soutient que le débat entre Hart et Fuller fait voir parfaitement que l’interprétation juridique est hantée. Du point de vue de la rhétorique, ils présentent deux visions du droit largement incommensurables. Pourtant leurs efforts d’exclure l’approche de l’autre échouent. Mais plutôt que de choisir entre Hart et Fuller, nous pouvons en arriver à une compréhension plus riche de l’interprétation juridique si nous traitons leur performance comme étant mutuelle et interactive. Je ne veux aucunement signifier que Hart et Fuller peuvent d’une façon ou d’une autre être réconciliés par compromis ou par synthèse. Je veux plutôt signifier que chacun d’eux demeure «hanté», et donc productivement irrésolu, par la perspective de l’autre. Être hanté, c’est ne jamais être à l’aise avec son jugement ou ses connaissances, jamais en paix. C’est peut-être «une horreur» dans un conte, mais c’est nécessaire dans un système juridique.


1989 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-83
Author(s):  
Dennis M. Patterson

The opposition between originalism and relativism is a persistent dualism in current debates over the nature of legal interpretation. For many legal academics, choice in interpretive theory is limited to the either/or of the authorial model of discourse or the “anything goes” approach of relativism of one stripe or another.The struggle between these interpretive polar opposites had its origins in literary theory. In their classic essay, “The Intentional Fallacy,” W.K. Wimsatt and Monroe C. Beards ley argued that the only meaning worth investigating was that found in the literary text: to search after the “real intentions” of an author was to chase ghosts. Wimsatt and Beardsley influenced a generation of critics, but their thesis has, of late, been challanged anew.


Author(s):  
Scott Soames

This chapter begins by articulating the principles underlying the two key dimensions of a new, deferentialist, theory of legal interpretation—the identification of original asserted or stipulated content, and the nature of the deference required when new circumstances demand that judges make new law. These principles are then applied to the interpretation of the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. It sketches one avowedly nondeferentialist conception of judicial responsibility, one straightforwardly deferentialist conception, and one conception that is a hybrid of the two. Taken as competing accounts of the existing norms governing legal interpretation by legally authorized actors (typically the judiciary), it is argued that the real dispute is between the deferentialist and the hybrid view.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 66-90
Author(s):  
Muhammad Anshori

This paper explains the interpretation of Surah al-Mā’idah verses 3-5 regarding unlawful food and its effect on life. Humans being are living creatures who need to food and drink, so Allah commands them to fulfill their daily lives in a good way. Teh Qur’an has explained several criteria for halal (lawfull) dan haram (ulawfull) foods. As a source of Islamic teachings, the Qur’an must be interpreted appropriately, so that it can be applied in the real life. Al-Qur’an continues to be studied with various methods and approaches untill gives the rises and develop the various the literatures of exegesis. One of the Styles of interpretation that has developed in the history of Islamic thought is the legal interpretation, or what is known with tafsīr aḥkām (legal exegesis/interpretation). Surah al-Mā’idah verses 3-5 is one form of the application of the tafsīr aḥkām (legal exegesis), because it describes some foods that are forbidden. Among the things that are forbidden was carcasses, blood, pork, animal that died from being beaten, died from being strangled, fall from high places, are gored by other animals, and animal that are slaughted in names othe than Allah. Understanding the verses 3-5 of surat Al-Mā’idah has a correlation with modern scientific discoveries so that the Al-Qur’an can be understandood contextually.


2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-99
Author(s):  
Megan Dodd Little

Delivery has often been treated as an afterthought of the “real work” of writing. This article demonstrates how writers in some contexts must think very carefully about delivery from the very beginning of their process. Tracking collaborative writers’ talk, this article demonstrates how a group of writers works to anticipate delivery by repeatedly constructing delivery narratives—that is, stories about the future handoff of their document to audiences. In a complex case of LGBT policy advocacy, the writers weave together multiple delivery narratives in order to achieve consensus, revealing the influence of discursive voices, perspectives, personal and institutional histories, and disciplinary training on the group’s rhetorical strategies. This article also considers how an experienced administrative lawyer constructs delivery narratives, revealing an expert’s strategy to try to get a legitimate hearing for a novel legal interpretation.


Author(s):  
Toshihiko Takita ◽  
Tomonori Naguro ◽  
Toshio Kameie ◽  
Akihiro Iino ◽  
Kichizo Yamamoto

Recently with the increase in advanced age population, the osteoporosis becomes the object of public attention in the field of orthopedics. The surface topography of the bone by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is one of the most useful means to study the bone metabolism, that is considered to make clear the mechanism of the osteoporosis. Until today many specimen preparation methods for SEM have been reported. They are roughly classified into two; the anorganic preparation and the simple preparation. The former is suitable for observing mineralization, but has the demerit that the real surface of the bone can not be observed and, moreover, the samples prepared by this method are extremely fragile especially in the case of osteoporosis. On the other hand, the latter has the merit that the real information of the bone surface can be obtained, though it is difficult to recognize the functional situation of the bone.


2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 2016-2026
Author(s):  
Tamara R. Almeida ◽  
Clayton H. Rocha ◽  
Camila M. Rabelo ◽  
Raquel F. Gomes ◽  
Ivone F. Neves-Lobo ◽  
...  

Purpose The aims of this study were to characterize hearing symptoms, habits, and sound pressure levels (SPLs) of personal audio system (PAS) used by young adults; estimate the risk of developing hearing loss and assess whether instructions given to users led to behavioral changes; and propose recommendations for PAS users. Method A cross-sectional study was performed in 50 subjects with normal hearing. Procedures included questionnaire and measurement of PAS SPLs (real ear and manikin) through the users' own headphones and devices while they listened to four songs. After 1 year, 30 subjects answered questions about their usage habits. For the statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance, Tukey's post hoc test, Lin and Spearman coefficients, the chi-square test, and logistic regression were used. Results Most subjects listened to music every day, usually in noisy environments. Sixty percent of the subjects reported hearing symptoms after using a PAS. Substantial variability in the equivalent music listening level (Leq) was noted ( M = 84.7 dBA; min = 65.1 dBA, max = 97.5 dBA). A significant difference was found only in the 4-kHz band when comparing the real-ear and manikin techniques. Based on the Leq, 38% of the individuals exceeded the maximum daily time allowance. Comparison of the subjects according to the maximum allowed daily exposure time revealed a higher number of hearing complaints from people with greater exposure. After 1 year, 43% of the subjects reduced their usage time, and 70% reduced the volume. A volume not exceeding 80% was recommended, and at this volume, the maximum usage time should be 160 min. Conclusions The habit of listening to music at high intensities on a daily basis seems to cause hearing symptoms, even in individuals with normal hearing. The real-ear and manikin techniques produced similar results. Providing instructions on this topic combined with measuring PAS SPLs may be an appropriate strategy for raising the awareness of people who are at risk. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12431435


2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 100-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne K. Bothe

This article presents some streamlined and intentionally oversimplified ideas about educating future communication disorders professionals to use some of the most basic principles of evidence-based practice. Working from a popular five-step approach, modifications are suggested that may make the ideas more accessible, and therefore more useful, for university faculty, other supervisors, and future professionals in speech-language pathology, audiology, and related fields.


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