scholarly journals Politics of Land Resource Management in Mozambique

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-135
Author(s):  
Akiyo Aminaka
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Land Law ◽  
International Donors ◽  
The Government

AbstractMozambique's 1997 Land Law was praised by international donors and the country’s own civil society for its democratic and open drafting process. The process included public hearings throughout the country and the recognition of customary law. However, once it became operational, there were many instances of so-called land grabbing. This chapter argues that the reason for this lies in the political operation of the law rather than in the technicalities of its application. This chapter aims to explore the political dynamics in Mozambique that distort the implementation of the Land Law of 1997. The land law in Mozambique was developed with the technical support of international donors, and the government of Mozambique followed these external trends in the expectation of receiving financial support and private investment while it also reflected the axis of conflictin Mozambique's domestic politics. The case studies show that the operation of land law has resulted in the emergence of party-political oppositional axes in rural areas. These facts suggest that the specific political environment strongly influences the process of law-making and implementation. Mozambique's political environment is an obstacle to achieving the law's original objectives of establishing rights to land resources and social stability.

scholarly journals The political economy of soil erosion in Cirasea sub basin, upstream Citarum basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 879 (1) ◽  
pp. 012013
Author(s):  
F Nurysyifa ◽  
Kaswanto ◽  
H Kartodihardjo
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
The Political ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
Political Position ◽  
Environmental Rehabilitation ◽  
The Government

Abstract The current problems of the Upstream Citarum basin, particularly in the Cirasea Sub-Basin, are near related to economic factors and the low political position of the community. One of the reasons is the biophysical aspect, which influenced the erfpacht rights for Dutch and British plantation companies in the Agrarische Wet policy at the end of the 17th century. When Indonesia became independent, the Government had worked on environmental rehabilitation as well as dealing with land conflicts, but rehabilitation activities often failed to meet the primary needs of the community. Therefore, rehabilitation efforts in various programs often fail. The objective of this this study is to figure out the preferences of interests and motives from the government and other access authorities which ultimately affect the lives of other communities through the formulation of an environmental rehabilitation program. The approach is Bernstein Political Economy Analysis. The results show that political economy is be able to reveals the problem of erosion, which is always imposed on groups with a low political position compared to other groups who are more vital in reaching access. Even though the community has limitations in implementing environmentally-friendly agricultural practices. Moreover, the political economy can reveal the government’s interests behind the land rehabilitation program which often sided with big investors and even tended to repeat the pattern of conflicts in the colonial era. Therefore, erosion can be an important element in describing the conditions of poverty that occur in rural areas.

scholarly journals Post-ISIS Iraq and the Shia Armed Groups

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-137
Author(s):  
Kardo Rached ◽  
Ahmed Omar Bali
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Weberian Theory ◽  
Supreme Leader ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City ◽  
Self Defence

The political environment of Iraq in the period from 2011-2014 experienced a great degree of turbulence. Many Sunni tribes in the Anbar, Ramadi and Salahadin regions organized a daily protest against the central government, accusing it of being sectarian. Gradually, these protests become more popular, and the Baghdad government became fearful that it would spread into the other regions of Iraq. In order to control the protests, the government used force, and many were killed. Simultaneously, in Syria, and especially during 2013-2014, the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) controlled more land and more people, and to take advantage of the Iraqi people's dissatisfaction with their government, ISIS crossed the border between Iraq and Syria in June 2014. Mosul as the second most heavily populated city was seized by ISIS and the Iraqi army could not fight back, which meant that the Iraqi army retreated from most of the Sunni areas. Even Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, and the city where the central government operates, was threatened. While the Iraqi army was unable to fight against ISIS, the Shia religious supreme leader Al-Sistani called for self-defence and to stand against ISIS. Sistani’s call became a cornerstone for the creation of the so-called Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) with the aim of the fighting against ISIS. In this article, we assess the PMF from different perspectives, for example, using the Weberian theory that the state is the only entity that has a monopoly on violence, considering Ariel Ahram's model of state-sponsored and government-sponsored militias, and finally the devolution of violence to these armed groups.

scholarly journals EKSISTENSI HUKUM WARIS DI INDONESIA: ANTARA ADAT DAN SYARIAT

Asy-Syari ah ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Komari Komari
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
The Political ◽  
Inheritance Law ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Western Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
Asian People

This paper explains about the application of inheritance law in Indonesia which is strongly influenced by three law systems such as Islamic law, customary law, and Western law. At the beginning of Islam in Indonesia, Islamic law is very dominant in the implementation of Islamic inheritance law which is intergrated with culture and tradition among Muslim society. In Colonial period, the government of Dutch East Hindia started to establish Western law for European and East Asian people. But for the Muslim citizens in Indonesia was implement­ting the combination of Islamic law and customary law. In the independence period, the political of law has been changed through unification and codification of Islamic law into the Indonesia rules formally, including in the application of Islamic inheritance law. As long as this policy, Islamic inheritance law in Indonesia has a characteristic of the combination between Islamic law and customary law.

Land Law and Forestry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Butt ◽  
Tim Lindsey
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Land Law ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Agrarian Law

As this chapter shows, Indonesia’s land law is complex. Before 1960, land owned by Westerners was subject to Dutch law, and land owned by Indonesians was governed by adat, or traditional customary law. This changed when the Agrarian Law was enacted in 1960, establishing a new range of statutory rights that applied to all Indonesians, and the beginnings of a registration system. However, the uptake of these statutory rights has been limited, with adat norms continuing to prevail in many, particularly rural, areas. Forestry entitlements are also highly vexed, as is the need to reduce deforestation in Indonesia because of its significant contribution to global warming and biodiversity loss. REDD+ uses payments or development programs to encourage those entitled to deforest not to do, but it is now widely considered to have failed in Indonesia.

Greece’s political and economic prospects are fragile

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
The Political ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Privatisation Programme ◽  
European Stability Mechanism ◽  
The Government

Significance Thus ends eight years of economic policy oversight by the ECB, European Stability Mechanism and IMF, in exchange for some 275 billion euros (315 billion dollars) in soft loans. To obtain authorisation for the final disbursement, the government had to agree to what amounted to an unofficial fourth package of reforms without further financial assistance. Impacts Markets will demand a premium to purchase Greek sovereign debt until economic policy crystallises and the political situation clarifies. An increase in the minimum wage and the restoration of collective bargaining could revive private consumption. Private investment will depend on the availability of foreign direct investment for the privatisation programme.

scholarly journals THE DISCOMFORT OF THE JULY MONARCHY WITH DAUMIER’S GARGANTUA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (49) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The Political ◽  
July Monarchy ◽  
The Press ◽  
Fine Penalty ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Government ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Honore Daumier

Gargantua, a lithograph created by Honoré Daumier in 1831, portrayed the French king Louis-Philippe as a gluttonous giant who devours the labor of his people while sitting in a toilet-like throne, and attacked the king’s person and his government with a satirical manner. Apart from its portrayal of the king as a social cannibal, Gargantua also had a scatological humor by representing the king in defecating. For this reason, this lithograph was by no means tolerated by the July Monarchy that struggled to control over the press by censorship throughout its reign. In this research paper that aims to study the meanings and reasons behind Daumier’s portrayal of king Louis-Philippe as a ravenous giant in Gargantua, it will be discussed why this caricature, which the government both censored and sentenced Daumier to imprisonment and fine penalty, discomforted the king and his government so much. In this context, it will be briefly reviewed the political, economic and social conditions in France before and after the 1830 July Revolution in order to get a better understanding on the political atmosphere during the time when Daumier started to draw satirical caricatures for the journal, La Caricature. Later, it will be discussed Gargantua’s literary references, its implications to king Louis-Philippe and his government, the domestic politics in 1831, and the impact of lithography on increasing power of the press in France. Keywords: Honoré Daumier, Gargantua, lithography, political caricature, printmaking

scholarly journals The study to examine the effectiveness of the BoTT approach for water schemes to rural areas

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Vasanthie Munnery
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
New South ◽  
Development Programme ◽  
The Political ◽  
South African Government ◽  
African Government ◽  
The Past ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
The Government

The new South African Government that came into power in 1994 faced a daunting task of undoing the political injustices of the past. The government immediately introduced a Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) to address these injustices

scholarly journals The Rights of Controlling State in Indonesia Against Land Tenure of Customary Law Community

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
Alpi Sahari
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Legal Pluralism ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
Land Law ◽  
Economic Democracy ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

In order to achieve public welfare as tasks and responsibilities delegated to the government in the administration of public welfare (bestuurzorg) including the land sector which includes, among others, regulation, implementation of authority to enforcement of land law. Implementation of bestuurzorg by the government is more oriented towards economic democracy so that ignoring the principle of justice for indigenous peoples in controlling land parcels. The method used in this paper is juridical normative by applying an approach to legal principles and a legal synchronization approach both vertically and horizontally to the State's right to control over land tenure by customary law communities. The results show that land tenure for customary law communities in the UUPA emphasizes as long as it still exists and does not conflict with national interests. This implies that there has been legal pluralism. The occurrence of weak legal pluralism in national land law is indicated by the enactment of UUPA and its various implementing regulations as positive law in the form of written state/national law, on the one hand and on the other hand customary law which is generally unwritten and applies specifically to each other. The applicable customary law in each region. Weak legal pluralism is one of the factors causing legal disputes in substantive settings, especially in land disputes over customary rights which affect their implementation in the field and cause injustice. legal pluralism and making UUPA the center of various land regulations (legal centralism), and is the only land rule that applies nationally (legal unification).

scholarly journals Agricultural Restructure Policy in Vietnam and Practical Application for Sustainable Development in Agriculture

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Vinh Bao Ngoc ◽  
Nguyen Manh Hung ◽  
Phuong Thu Pham
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Agricultural Workers ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
Liberalization Policy ◽  
The Impact

The Vietnam’s agricultural sector had to challenge with its course and learned lessons of further development. Novel policy might be adopted to encourage the private investments and sectors in agriculture. Furthermore, an introduction of new models such as climate-smart or green agriculture and application of modern technology increased productivity at the same time and creating jobs for millions of agricultural workers and reversing the massive rural-urban migration flux. Vietnam’s agricultural sector needs to maintain the reform momentum, particularly liberalization policy, and to boost up agricultural potential. Obstacles such as land limitation policy must be removed to enable large-scale production and encourage private investment in the agricultural sector. To avoid being trapped by its own success, Vietnam is now shifting the old development paradigm that focuses too much on the quantity to the quality of the agricultural production. The government makes major efforts to achieve at the same time agricultural growth, better livelihood of the farmer, and the development of the rural areas. However, Vietnam still needs to prepare a “transition strategy” to overcome the impact of the technological progress on the traditional agricultural workers.

scholarly journals Voluntary Sacrifice of Freedom: Why Are Some Chinese Nationals Supporting Government Censorship?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyi Wu
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
The Government ◽  
Personal Interests

While the effects of government censorship are widely explored in the literature, most works on government censorship have assumed a nature intention for citizens to seek freedom of speech in authoritarian regimes. However, citizens in authoritarian regimes may actually support government censorship due to various reasons. In this study, I explore the potential reasons of citizen's support towards government censorship in China among Chinese nationals both domestic and abroad. I proposes that willingness to support censorship is influenced by one's experience with political institutions and the political environment. The government could try to provide reasonings on censorship that aligns its interest in repressive behavior and citizens' personal interests to gain support on censorship.

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