scholarly journals Exact and inexact decompositions of trade price indices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Benedictow ◽  
Pål Boug
Keyword(s):  
Quadratic Approximation ◽  
Clothing Industry ◽  
High Price ◽  
Average Price ◽  
Price Indices ◽  
First Order ◽  
Taylor Series Approximation ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
Approximation Lemma

AbstractA reasonable concept for the true trade price index in situations where low-price countries capture market shares from high-price countries is the average price paid by importers for the same quality of good or service from all exporting countries. However, decompositions of trade price indices are usually inexact in the sense that the average price used as the underlying aggregator formula is not exactly reproduced. In this paper, we compare analytically exact and inexact decompositions of trade price indices, paying particular attention to the bias in aggregate inflation occurring from applying the first-order Taylor series approximation and not the quadratic approximation lemma to a geometric average price. Our calculations, using the Norwegian clothing industry as an illustration, reveal that the bias in aggregate inflation over the sample period of 1997–2016 is quite substantial and as much as 0.6 percentage point in some years. We therefore conclude that the quadratic approximation lemma should be used in practice to exactly reproduce the underlying aggregator formula.

scholarly journals Empowerment of wirid group (study of mothers) through fish nugget processing utilizing fish potential in Haranggaol Sub-District Haranggaol Horison District, Simalungun Regency

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 842-846
Author(s):  
Fajar Utama Ritonga ◽  
Husni Thamrin ◽  
Agus Suriadi ◽  
Berlianti
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
High Price ◽  
Fish Production ◽  
Average Price ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
The City ◽  
Average Average

Great potential as a producer of Goldfish and Tilapia in the Haranggaol Village is very large, and the production of fish is very well known up to the city of Medan, each Goldfish buyer knows the quality of Goldfish originating from the Haranggaol Region and has a relatively high price (above average) (average price of goldfish from other regions), but the fish production can be developed further from economic value if obtained in other forms such as fish processing into fish nuggets which are still rarely carried out by the local community, by looking at the potential quantity and quality of fish in Haranggaol Village. used as a potential source of Social Welfare for the community, especially the wamad mamak (recitation of mothers) group who routinely conduct recitation in the Haranggaol Village.

Assessing Medical Evidence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Stegenga
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Allocation Concealment ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Medical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Methods ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Methods

Medical scientists employ ‘quality assessment tools’ to assess evidence from medical research, especially from randomized trials. These tools are designed to take into account methodological details of studies, including randomization, subject allocation concealment, and other features of studies deemed relevant to minimizing bias. There are dozens of such tools available. They differ widely from each other, and empirical studies show that they have low inter-rater reliability and low inter-tool reliability. This is an instance of a more general problem called here the underdetermination of evidential significance. Disagreements about the quality of evidence can be due to different—but in principle equally good—weightings of the methodological features that constitute quality assessment tools. Thus, the malleability of empirical research in medicine is deep: in addition to the malleability of first-order empirical methods, such as randomized trials, there is malleability in the tools used to evaluate first-order methods.

scholarly journals Impact of Demerger on Shareholders’ Wealth

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjit SINGH ◽  
Amalesh BHOWAL ◽  
Varun BAWARI
Keyword(s):  
Value Creation ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Specific Character ◽  
Average Price ◽  
Share Prices ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Total Wealth

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the change in the level of the wealth of the shareholders’ before the demerger and after the demerger.Design/methodology/approach – In the present study the data relating to share prices has been taken from the official website of Bombay Stock Exchange. Here the average of the six months price of the demerged company before demerger and average six months price or the average price upto 31st of July, 2007 has been collected of demerged and resultant company after demerger. Findings – It is found that after demerger there is increase in the total wealth of the shareholders in almost all the cases.Research limitations/implications – Given the nature of this study, generalizations cannot be made as the study is conducted in a bullish market. The time specific character of the subject matter is an opportunity for future longitudinal research.Practical implications – Presently de-mergers are creating enormous wealth for shareholders. It is because of the negative synergy. Due to the demerger this negative synergy is removed and the value is unlocked. However, Investors should differentiate between genuine attempts at value creation and de-mergers undertaken to create hype around the stocks. Stay away from dubious companies that want to manipulate prices. Investors should focus on the quality of management and corporate governance record of the companyOriginality/value – The study is the first of its kind and hence original in nature.Article Type: Research paperKeyword(s): Demerger, Demerged Company, Resultant Company, Negative Synergy, Shareholders Wealth.

Competitive Entry of Information Goods Under Quality Uncertainty

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Zan Zhang ◽  
Guofang Nan ◽  
Minqiang Li ◽  
Yong Tan
Keyword(s):  
Product Quality ◽  
New Product ◽  
High Price ◽  
Quality Uncertainty ◽  
Information Goods ◽  
Consumer Uncertainty ◽  
Willingness To Adopt ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Very High

When confronted with a new product, consumers often find it difficult to predict how it will perform, and such uncertainty reduces consumers’ willingness to adopt the product. In this paper, we consider a market whereby consumers decide when and which product to buy, given that they know the product quality of the incumbent but are uncertain about that of the entrant. We investigate how consumer uncertainty about product quality affects firms’ behavior-based pricing and customer acquisition and retention dynamics. Using a two-period vertical model, we find that, under high-end encroachment, an increase in consumer uncertainty reduces the entrant’s profit and hurts the incumbent’s profit when the quality differential between the products is relatively small, whereas, under low-end encroachment, increasing uncertainty not only benefits the incumbent but also can favor the entrant. An important implication for entrants is that the marketing activities, which aim to reduce consumer uncertainty about product functionalities, may fail to improve profitability. We also find that the entrant lowers the price for uninformed customers and raises the price for repeat buyers under high-end encroachment but lowers the price for all customers under low-end encroachment. We further examine the subsidy strategy and show that, when the entrant’s product has a significant quality advantage and consumer uncertainty is high but not very high, the optimal strategy for the entrant is to acquire all consumers who do not buy from the incumbent by providing subsidies and to drop the low-valuation customers by means of a high price after their uncertainty is resolved.

Numerical study of time delay singularly perturbed parabolic differential equations involving both small positive and negative space shifts

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Subal Ranjan Sahu ◽  
Jugal Mohapatra
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Singularly Perturbed ◽  
Parabolic Differential Equations ◽  
Small Space ◽  
First Order ◽  
Taylor Series Approximation ◽  
Backward Euler ◽  
Differential Difference Equation ◽  
Negative Space

Abstract A time dependent singularly perturbed differential-difference equation is considered. The problem involves time delay and general small space shift terms. Taylor series approximation is used to expand the space shift term. A robust numerical scheme based on the backward Euler scheme for the time and classical upwind scheme for space is proposed. The convergence analysis is carried out. It is observed that the proposed scheme converges almost first order up to a logarithm term and optimal first order in space on the Shishkin and Bakhvalov–Shishkin mesh, respectively. Numerical results confirm the efficiency of the proposed scheme, which are in agreement with the theoretical bounds.

Effects of initial concentration and irradiation dose to degradation of di butyl phthalate from phosphoric acid (30 % P2O5)

2018 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 909-916
Author(s):  
Louisa Bounemia ◽  
Abdelhamid Mellah
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Optimal Recovery ◽  
Γ Irradiation ◽  
Γ Radiation ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Butyl Phthalate

Abstract The pretreatment of the phosphoric acid is a stage of utmost importance leading to an optimal recovery of the uranium present in this acid. To this end, the degradation of the organic matter which obstructs considerably this recovery was tested by γ irradiation. This study lies within the scope of the radiation/matter interaction; concerning the use of the γ irradiator as proceed of phosphoric acid purification by the degradation of di butyl phthalate (DBP). Studies of the interaction of γ radiation with phosphoric acid solutions polluted by an organic matter concern the study of the influence of some parameters such as: dose rate (0.5–35 kGy), initial concentration (50–500 mg/L) of the pollutant, pH and % in P2O5 on the degradation of organic matter by γ irradiation. The reactions followed pseudo first order kinetics for different initial concentrations. The results made it possible to say that the degradation of di butyl phthalate by γ irradiation is dependent on the amount of the concentration of DBP and pH. The G-values decreased with absorbed doses, and increased with higher initial concentrations.Purification of phosphoric acid by γ radiation does not degrade the quality of this acid.

scholarly journals Growth analysis of sweet pepper cultivated in coconut fiber in a greenhouse

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamilton César de O Charlo ◽  
Sueyde F de Oliveira ◽  
Renata Castoldi ◽  
Pablo F Vargas ◽  
Leila T Braz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Absolute Rate ◽  
Coconut Fiber ◽  
First Order ◽  
Growth Production ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
Over Time

Knowledge about the growth of crops allows the planning of rational cultivation methods which contribute to achieve greater potential of plant species, besides supplying information for the construction of descriptive mathematical models of growth. The growth curve of sweet pepper (Eppo hybrid), cultivated in coconut fiber in a greenhouse with fertirrigation, was determined. The experiment consisted initially of 160 plants divided into four blocks. Two plants were analyzed per block every 21 days after transplanting, ending at 189 days after transplant. The cultivation was carried out in plastics pots of 13 L containing coconut fiber, which were arranged in double rows, spaced 0.5 x 0.8 m between simple rows and 1.1 m between double rows. In each harvest the plant growth, production and quality of mature fruits were evaluated. The dry mass of the shoot increased with time, following the experimental model exponential of first order, reaching a maximum of 451.5 g/plant, 189 days after transplanting (DAT). The production of dry mass of leaves, stem, root and fruit also increased over time reaching maximum values of 68.7, 65.8, 11.5 and 302.9 g/plant, respectively, at 189 DAT. The same occurred with the leaf area per plant, plant height and the absolute rate of growth, whose maximum values were 6.183,5 cm², 136.9 cm and 4.4 g/plant/day, respectively. The growth of the plant was continuous throughout the cycle, and the highest amount of dry mass was accumulated in fruits, reaching a marketable production of 97.3 t ha-1. All fruits were classified as Extra.

scholarly journals CONSTRAINTS FACED DURING THE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF CABBAGE AND POTATO CROPS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MANIPUR AND NAGALAND STATES OF INDIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Th. Motilal Singh ◽  
Amod Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
High Price ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Unskilled Labour ◽  
Distant Market ◽  
Potato Crops ◽  
Ranking Technique ◽  
Cost Of Transportation

The present study was carried out by purposively simple stratified random sampling technique to select 300 respondents from both the states of Manipur and Nagaland, while to highlight the constraint faced by the growers during the production and marketing of cabbage and potato crops with Garrett Ranking Technique. For the production viz.; seed, labour, manures and fertilizers, irrigation, PPCs and other issues like animals, pests and diseases, have hampered of the potato and cabbage in the selected areas. While for marketing high price of the seed, not available in time, inferior quality of seed, low reliability of the seed, high wage rates of labour, skill & unskilled labour not available in time, irrigation facility not available, perennial sources are not available and irrigation facility not reliable etc; While for the market related issues, grading by hand & mechanical means, lack of knowledge regarding packaging, packing materials, high cost of transportation, lack of market infrastructures, unauthorized & illegal tax collections, use of improper scales in weighing, lack of support prices, lack of reliable & timely availability of market information and distant market along with the lack of cooperation among the producers and frequent ban & social boycott are some of the problems and constraints encountered by the entire producers and market intermediaries in the region.

scholarly journals Batik stamp canting made of waste paper material as a frugal innovation in batik

2021 ◽  
Vol 905 (1) ◽  
pp. 012125
Author(s):  
S R Hidayat ◽  
T B Affanti ◽  
A I Josef ◽  
D Nurcahyanti
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Waste Paper ◽  
High Price ◽  
Frugal Innovation ◽  
Value Of Knowledge

Abstract This article discusses the innovation of batik stamp canting equipment using waste paper material. The first focus is on the emergence and the background of the innovation of batik stamp canting made of waste paper material. The second is on the elaboration of concept of stamp batik canting innovation made of waste paper material. The method applied in this study was qualitative approach with case studies by employing informants’ data sources, artifacts, events and documents. The results indicate that the innovation of stamp canting using paper material has occurred since 2014, and it began to be widely used in batik production process in 2016. The background of stamp canting innovation made of waste paper was triggered by the high price of stamp canting from copper which is commonly used in the production process of stamped batik. The concept applied to develop this stamp canting is frugal innovation. The value of knowledge gained is that innovation is not always carried out to improve the quality of processes or products. Innovation is more significantly needed to solve the problems related to the context.

scholarly journals INTERCULTURAL ASPECTS OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION A COMPARISON OF MANDARIN‐SPEAKING, US, EGYPTIAN AND GERMAN USER PREFERENCES

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarete Seidenspinner ◽  
Gabriele Theuner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Online Communication ◽  
The United States ◽  
User Preferences ◽  
Corporate Communication ◽  
High Price ◽  
International Services ◽  
Communication Policies ◽  
Survey Analyses

This paper sums up the results of a survey conducted with four samples of website users, i.e. young urban academics from the PR of China, the United States, Egypt and Germany. The survey analyses the ways in which users from such distinctly dissimilar cultural environments view websites. The websites researched are those of global operators that either offer international services, high price utility items or technologically advanced products. The results gained in the course of this research project demonstrate how the targeted users’ cultural environments may impact on their preferred navigation tools, their perceived quality of web designs and on the perception and processing of the information provided online. A brief overview of the consequences which derive from this culture‐bound user behaviour for corporate communication policies conclude this paper.

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