scholarly journals Microalgal biomass as renewable biofiller in natural rubber compounds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Bellinetto ◽  
Riccardo Ciapponi ◽  
Marco Contino ◽  
Claudia Marano ◽  
Stefano Turri
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Shear Fracture ◽  
Pure Shear ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Rubber Compounds

AbstractMicroalgal biomasses, consisting of micronized Spirulina Platensis and its low protein fraction, were investigated in this work as possible renewable biofillers in natural rubber compounds, with the aim of replacing the commonly used carbon black. Natural rubber, in some cases blended with 10% of epoxidized natural rubber to improve the matrix-filler affinity, was compounded with 25, 35, 50 and 75 phr of each biomass. Compounds with 25, 35 and 50 phr of carbon black N990 were also prepared as benchmarks. After compounding, vulcanization times were determined by dynamic mechanical analysis. Rubbers were vulcanized by compression moulding and characterized by means of morphological analysis (scanning electron microscopy), thermal analysis (thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis) and mechanical tests (tensile tests, strain induced crystallization detection by X-ray diffraction, pure shear fracture tests). Microalgal biomass turned out to be homogeneously dispersed in natural rubber matrix and the materials obtained required lower curing times compared to carbon black compounds. It was found that, up to 50 phr, Spirulina has the ability to increase rubber tensile strength and modulus, acting similarly to N990, while decreasing rubber thermal stability and fracture toughness.

Dynamic-Mechanical Characteristics of Rubber Compounds

1956 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 1215-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. de Mey ◽  
G. J. van Amerongen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Loss Factor ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Shear Loading ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Amplitude Dependence ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Rubber Compounds

Abstract Since rubber articles are often exposed in service to small periodic deformations, great interest attaches to the dynamic-mechanical characteristics of rubber. It has been established that the conditions under which these characteristics are determined have a pronounced influence on the results obtained, so that the measurements must be undertaken under precisely specified conditions. A new test apparatus is described for measuring the dynamic-mechanical characteristics, with which measurements can be performed at any desired stress setting, frequency, temperature, and amplitude on the same samples, both for compression and for shear loading. The incompressibility of filler-free natural-rubber compounds has been demonstrated by measurements made on samples with different shape factors and with varied static initial stress, under compression and with shear loading. The temperature, frequency, and amplitude dependence of the dynamic-mechanical characteristics of different rubber compounds is discussed on the basis of a number of measurements. The maximum value of the loss factor, which occurs in the vicinity of the second-order transition point, appears at a higher temperature in GR-S (cold rubber), Vulkollan, and Butyl rubber than in natural rubber. There is a connection between this fact and the much greater frequency and temperature dependence of Butyl rubber compared to natural rubber in the vicinity of room temperature. A compound based on natural rubber and a styrene-butadiene (85/15) co-polymer shows two maxima in the loss factor. One of these is characteristic of natural rubber, the other of the polymer. The dynamic characteristics of filler-free rubber compounds are not very sensitive to amplitude. It is found that the marked amplitude dependence of reinforced rubber compounds cannot be accounted for by increased temperature or by any nonlinearity of the stress-strain curve. The influence of composition on the dynamic-mechanical characteristics of natural rubber has been tested for a number of compounds. It is established that the carbon black types can have a significant effect on the E′ modulus. At small amplitudes the magnitude is greater for a compound containing SAF or EPC carbon black than for one containing HAF carbon black. Natural rubber reinforced with Aerosil or aniline resin shows a small loss factor, while compounds vulcanized with Thiuram show a large one. The present study is part of a fundamental investigation on rubber carried out by the Research Division of the Rubber-Stichting in Delft under the direction of H. C. J. de Decker.

Influence of carbon black on the Payne effect of filled natural rubber compounds

2020 ◽  
pp. 108586
Author(s):  
Xuanyu Shi ◽  
Shihao Sun ◽  
An Zhao ◽  
Haimo Zhang ◽  
Min Zuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Payne Effect ◽  
Rubber Compounds

Characterization of Snap-On Calf Nipple Product and Development of its Compound Formulation Based on Natural Rubber

2017 ◽  
Vol 744 ◽  
pp. 282-287
Author(s):  
Sarawut Prasertsri ◽  
Sansanee Srichan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Rubber Component

This research aimed to develop the formulation of natural rubber filled with carbon black, silica and calcium carbonate for rubber calf nipple application. The reverse engineering was performed on the calf nipple product to analyze the rubber type and component by using Soxhlet extraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Furthermore, mechanical properties were examined to act as benchmark for the rubber compound design. The results showed that rubber component in the nipple product was natural rubber, whereas two filler types revealed as carbon black and calcium carbonate with 10 and 35 of the total weight. In addition, rubber nipple showed the hardness of 46±1 Shore A and tensile strength of 5.3±0.60 MPa. From the investigation of the properties of developed rubber compounds in this work, it was found that the mechanical properties depended on type and content of filler. The required mechanical properties of vulcanizates were achieved at 20 phr of carbon black (N330), 20 phr of silica and 120 phr of calcium carbonate.

Morphology and Mechanical Properties of NiZn Ferrite/Thermoplastic Natural Rubber Composite

2014 ◽  
Vol 925 ◽  
pp. 308-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mou'ad A. Tarawneh ◽  
Sahrim Haji Ahmad ◽  
Yu Li Jiun ◽  
Radwan Dweiri ◽  
Ibrahim N. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposite ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Blending Method ◽  
Thermoplastic Natural Rubber

In this paper the polymer nanocomposite of nickel zinc (NiZn) ferrite nanoparticles incorporated into the thermoplastic natural rubber nanocomposite (TPNR) were prepared via melt blending method. The effect of different NiZn loading (2-10 wt%) on morphology, tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of the obtained composites was investigated. It was found that NiZn ferrite is well dispersed in the thermoplastic natural rubber matrix. The tensile results indicated that filler loading has improved the tensile strength and Youngs modulus of the nanocomposite. However, the elongation at break decreased with increasing the percentage of NiZn. Dynamic mechanical test showed that the highest storage modulus is at 8 wt% filler. Any further increment of the filler content leads to the formation of agglomerate hence affecting the properties. The Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) micrographs reveal aspect ratio and filler orientation in the TPNR matrix also strongly promoted interfacial adhesion between the filler and the matrix to control its properties.

scholarly journals Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber: Synergistic Effects by Addition of Small Amounts of Secondary Fillers to Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber Tire Tread Compounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sattayanurak ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer ◽  
K. Sahakaro ◽  
W. Kaewsakul ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Pure Silica ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Wet Grip

Modern fuel-saving tire treads are commonly reinforced by silica due to the fact that this leads to lower rolling resistance and higher wet grip compared to carbon black-filled alternatives. The introduction of secondary fillers into the silica-reinforced tread compounds, often named hybrid fillers, may have the potential to improve tire performance further. In the present work, two secondary fillers organoclay nanofiller and N134 carbon black were added to silica-based natural rubber compounds at a proportion of silica/secondary filler of 45/10 phr. The compounds were prepared with variable mixing temperatures based on the mixing procedure commonly in use for silica-filled NR systems. The results of Mooney viscosity, Payne effect, cure behavior, and mechanical properties imply that the silica hydrophobation and coupling reaction of the silane coupling agent with silica and elastomer are significantly influenced by organoclay due to an effect of its modifier: an organic ammonium derivative. This has an effect on scorch safety and cure rate. The compounds where carbon black was added as a secondary filler do not show this behavior. They give inferior filler dispersion compared to the pure silica-filled compound, attributed to an inappropriate high mixing temperature and the high specific surface area of the carbon black used. The dynamic properties indicate that there is a potential to improve wet traction and rolling resistance of a tire tread when using organoclay as secondary filler, while the combination of carbon black in silica-filled NR does not change these properties.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document