Length of Longest Cycles in a Graph Whose Relative Length is at Least Two

The effect of the position of lines on length estimation was investigated. 40 5-yr.-olds were asked to compare the two arms of an L-shaped figure presented inside circular frames of different diameters. For each figure one of the arms was on the axis, that is, the diameter, and the other arm was perpendicular to that axis. In making perceptual judgments about the relative length of two lines the children tended to describe the on-axis line as longer than the off-axis line. This illusion which, presumably, reflects a perceptual force induced by the characteristics of the structural pattern, supports the context model of visual anomalies.

Download Full-text

Comparing selected parameters of a two-dimensional turbulent free jet on the basis of experimental results, digital simulations, and theoretical analyses

Technical Sciences ◽

10.31648/ts.2907 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (20) ◽

pp. 31-48

Author(s):

Aldona Skotnicka-Siepsiak

Keyword(s):

Linear Function ◽

Analytical Methods ◽

Relative Length ◽

Wall Layer ◽

Turbulence Level ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Free Jet ◽

Theoretical Assumptions ◽

Digital Simulations ◽

Theoretical Analyses

The presented experimental and digital examinations of a two-dimensional turbulent free jet are a first phase of in the study of the Coandă effect and its hysteresis. Additionally, basing on theoretical analyses, selected results for a turbulent jest have been also mentioned, considering theoretical assumptions for the wall layer. As the result, on the basis of experimental, digital, and analytical methods, a review of characteristic jet properties has been prepared, which includes a jet spreading ratio, its cross and longitudinal sections, and turbulence level. The jet spreading radio has been expressed as a non-linear function of the x : b relative length.

Download Full-text

The effect of seed rate and growing season on four oat cultivars: II. Culm morphology and panicle conformation

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600012764 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 405-410 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

I. T. Jones ◽

J. D. Hayes

Keyword(s):

Relative Length ◽

Field Trials ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Seed Rate ◽

Total Height ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Length Increase ◽

Total Plant ◽

Oat Cultivars ◽

1000 Grain Weight

SUMMARYThe effects of low and high seed rates on height, culm and panicle morphology of four oat cultivars grown in field trials in two growing seasons were investigated. Significant differences were detected between cultivars in the number of extended culm internodes, panicle whorls initiated, total height, length of panicle and individual internodes. Differences in seed rate had no effect on the number of culm internodes, but high seed rate significantly reduced the whorl number in the panicle, total plant height, length of panicle and the three upper internodes. The fourth internode remained unaffected, but the lowermost internode showed a relative length increase at high seed rate. The interaction of cultivar x seed rate was significant for total height, and for the length of the central internodes, but the length of the panicle was similarly affected in all cultivars.Panicle conformation was markedly affected by seed rate; high population density caused a reduction in number of grain-bearing whorls, and reduced the number of spikelets and total grain weight per whorl, and 1000 grain weight particularly in the lowermost whorls. The percentage of husk in the grain was increased slightly at high seed rate. The effect of seed rate on culm and panicle morphology is discussed in relation to the development of stiffer-strawed oats.

Download Full-text

Relationship of Limb Lengths and Body Composition to Lifting in Weightlifting

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18020756 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 756

Author(s):

Dafnis Vidal Pérez ◽

José Miguel Martínez-Sanz ◽

Alberto Ferriz-Valero ◽

Violeta Gómez-Vicente ◽

Eva Ausó

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Skill Acquisition ◽

Performance Indicator ◽

Relative Length ◽

Maximal Velocity ◽

Anthropometric Measures ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Level I ◽

And Performance ◽

Relationship Of

Weightlifting is a discipline where technique and anthropometric characteristics are essential to achieve the best results in competitions. This study aims to analyse the relationships between body composition, limb length and barbell kinematics in the performance of weightlifters. It consists of an observational and descriptive study of 19 athletes (12 men [28.50 ± 6.37 years old; 84.58 ± 14.11 kg; 176.18 ± 6.85 cm] and 7 women [27.71 ± 6.34 years old; 64.41 ± 7.63 kg; 166.94 ± 4.11 cm]) who met the inclusion criteria. A level I anthropometrist took anthropometric measures according to the methodology of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK), and the measurement of the barbell velocity was made with the software Kinovea. In terms of body composition, both genders are within the percentage range of fat mass recommended for this sport. In female weightlifters, there is a positive correlation between foot length, maximal velocity in the Snatch (ρ = 0.775, p = 0.041), and performance indicator in the Snatch and the Clean & Jerk (ρ = 0.964, p < 0.001; ρ = 0.883, p = 0.008, respectively). In male weightlifters, a positive correlation between tibial length and average velocity of the barbell in the Snatch is observed (ρ = 0.848, p < 0.001). Muscle mass percentage correlates positively with performance indicator in both techniques (ρ = 0.634, p = 0.027; ρ = 0.720, p = 0.008). Also, the relative length of the upper limb is negatively correlated with the performance indicator (ρ = −0.602, p = 0.038). Anthropometry and body composition may facilitate skill acquisition among this sport population, contributing to increase the limited body of scientific knowledge related to weightlifting.

Download Full-text

Enterococcus faecium PNC01 isolated from the intestinal mucosa of chicken as an alternative for antibiotics to reduce feed conversion rate in broiler chickens

Microbial Cell Factories ◽

10.1186/s12934-021-01609-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yang He ◽

Xuan Liu ◽

Yuanyang Dong ◽

Jiaqi Lei ◽

Koichi Ito ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Intestinal Mucosa ◽

Conversion Rate ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽

Relative Length ◽

Intestinal Epithelial ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Broiler Production ◽

Feed Conversion Rate

Abstract Background The development and utilization of probiotics had many environmental benefits for replacing antibiotics in animal production. Bacteria in the intestinal mucosa have better adhesion to the host intestinal epithelial cells compared to bacteria in the intestinal contents. In this study, lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the intestinal mucosa of broiler chickens and investigated as the substitution to antibiotic in broiler production. Results In addition to acid resistance, high temperature resistance, antimicrobial sensitivity tests, and intestinal epithelial cell adhesion, Enterococcus faecium PNC01 (E. faecium PNC01) was showed to be non-cytotoxic to epithelial cells. Draft genome sequence of E. faecium PNC01 predicted that it synthesized bacteriocin to perform probiotic functions and bacteriocin activity assay showed it inhibited Salmonella typhimurium from invading intestinal epithelial cells. Diet supplemented with E. faecium PNC01 increased the ileal villus height and crypt depth in broiler chickens, reduced the relative length of the cecum at day 21, and reduced the relative length of jejunum and ileum at day 42. Diet supplemented with E. faecium PNC01 increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus, decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroides in the cecal microbiota. Conclusion E. faecium PNC01 replaced antibiotics to reduce the feed conversion rate. Furthermore, E. faecium PNC01 improved intestinal morphology and altered the composition of microbiota in the cecum to reduce feed conversion rate. Thus, it can be used as an alternative for antibiotics in broiler production to avoid the adverse impact of antibiotics by altering the gut microbiota. Graphic Abstract

Download Full-text

Flume Experiments Evaluating the Efficacy of a Large Wood Trap Featuring Horizontal Rods

Water ◽

10.3390/w13131837 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

pp. 1837

Author(s):

Mayuko Furukawa ◽

Daizo Tsutsumi ◽

Hironori Muto ◽

Taro Uchida ◽

Takuro Suzuki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Length ◽

Large Wood ◽

Basic Information ◽

Trapping Rate ◽

Supply Rate ◽

Flume Experiments ◽

Water And Sediment ◽

Constant Rate

Large wood (LW) disasters, which often accompany sediment-related disasters, occur worldwide. To prevent and mitigate such disasters, we developed a unique LW trap featuring horizontal rods aligned with the flow. When LW enters the trap, it is scooped up by the rods and thus separated from water and sediment. We explored trapping efficacy using a flume of slope 0.087. Water circulated at a constant rate of 1.8 L/s, LW was added to the flow, and the trapping rates were measured. We focused on the relative wood length (Lw) with respect to the horizontal rod spacing (Sr), the number of LW units supplied, and the supply rate. A longer relative length (Lw/Sr) of LW was associated with a higher trapping rate. The trapping rate was also high when the LW number or supply rate was high. The critical Lw/Sr value was 1.5; below this value, LW was not trapped. This study yields the basic information needed to design traps featuring horizontal rods to mitigate LW-related disasters.

Download Full-text

Comparison of the Limit Loads Between Defected Pressure Pipes With an Internal Pit and an External Pit at High Temperature

Volume 3: Design and Analysis ◽

10.1115/pvp2013-97084 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Changyu Zhou ◽

Bo Wang ◽

Zhigang Sun ◽

Jilin Xue ◽

Xiaohua He

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Power Plants ◽

Structural Integrity ◽

Load Condition ◽

Relative Length ◽

Limit Load ◽

Relative Depth ◽

Corrosive Media ◽

Pressure Pipe ◽

Pressure Pipes

High temperature pressure pipes are widely used in power stations, nuclear power plants, and petroleum refinery, which always bear combined effects of high temperature, high pressure, and corrosive media, so the local pits are the most common volume defects in pressure pipe. Due to various reasons, the defects usually appear on the internal or external wall of pipe. In this paper, the dimensions of a defect were characterized as three dimensionless factors: relative depth, relative gradient and relative length. The main objects of study were the pipe with an internal pit and pipe with an external pit. Orthogonal array testing of three factors at four different levels was applied to analyze the sequence of the influence of three parameters. In present study, when the maximum principal strain nearby the location of the defects reaches 2%, the corresponding load is defined as the limit load, which is classified as two kinds of load type: limit pressure and limit bending moment. According to this strain criterion and isochronous stress strain data of P91 steel, the limit load of high temperature pipe with a local pit was determined by using ABAQUS. And in the same load condition of the pipe with the same dimensionless factors, the limit load of the internal defected pipe was compared with that of the external defected pipe. The results of this study can provide a reference for safety assessment and structural integrity analysis of high temperature creep pressure pipe with pit defects.

Download Full-text

Biological Impact of a Large-Scale Genomic Inversion That Grossly Disrupts the Relative Positions of the Origin and Terminus Loci of theStreptococcus pyogenesChromosome

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.00090-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 201 (17) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dragutin J. Savic ◽

Scott V. Nguyen ◽

Kimberly McCullor ◽

W. Michael McShan

Keyword(s):

Dna Sequences ◽

Parental Strain ◽

Large Scale ◽

Galleria Mellonella ◽

Acute Infection ◽

Relative Length ◽

Published Data ◽

Rich Medium ◽

Content Type

ABSTRACTA large-scale genomic inversion encompassing 0.79 Mb of the 1.816-Mb-longStreptococcus pyogenesserotype M49 strain NZ131 chromosome spontaneously occurs in a minor subpopulation of cells, and in this report genetic selection was used to obtain a stable lineage with this chromosomal rearrangement. This inversion, which drastically displaces theorisite relative to the terminus, changes the relative length of the replication arms so that one replichore is approximately 0.41 Mb while the other is about 1.40 Mb in length. Genomic reversion to the original chromosome constellation is not observed in PCR-monitored analyses after 180 generations of growth in rich medium. Compared to the parental strain, the inversion surprisingly demonstrates a nearly identical growth pattern in the first phase of the exponential phase, but differences do occur when resources in the medium become limited. When cultured separately in rich medium during prolonged stationary phase or in an experimental acute infection animal model (Galleria mellonella), the parental strain and the invertant have equivalent survival rates. However, when they are coincubated together, bothin vitroandin vivo, the survival of the invertant declines relative to the level for the parental strain. The accompanying aspect of the study suggests that inversions taking place nearoriCalways happen to secure the linkage oforiCto DNA sequences responsible for chromosome partition. The biological relevance of large-scale inversions is also discussed.IMPORTANCEBased on our previous work, we created to our knowledge the largest asymmetric inversion, covering 43.5% of theS. pyogenesgenome. In spite of a drastic replacement of origin of replication and the unbalanced size of replichores (1.4 Mb versus 0.41 Mb), the invertant, when not challenged with its progenitor, showed impressive vitality for growthin vitroand in pathogenesis assays. The mutant supports the existing idea that slightly deleterious mutations can provide the setting for secondary adaptive changes. Furthermore, comparative analysis of the mutant with previously published data strongly indicates that even large genomic rearrangements survive provided that the integrity of theoriCand the chromosome partition cluster is preserved.

Download Full-text

Holes and Entrainment in Stratocumulus

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences ◽

10.1175/jas-3399.1 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 443-459 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

H. Gerber ◽

G. Frick ◽

S. P. Malinowski ◽

J-L. Brenguier ◽

F. Burnet

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Large Scale ◽

Evaporative Cooling ◽

Length Distribution ◽

Relative Length ◽

Minimal Amount ◽

Entrainment Rate ◽

Conditional Sampling ◽

Free Atmosphere ◽

Average Width

Abstract Aircraft flights through stratocumulus clouds (Sc) during the Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus II (DYCOMS-II) study off the California coast found narrow in-cloud regions with less liquid water content (LWC) and cooler temperatures than average background values. The regions are named cloud holes and are assumed to be a result of water evaporated by the entrainment of dryer air from above the Sc. While such features have been noted previously, this study provided a unique opportunity to investigate in much greater detail the nature of the holes, as well as their relationship to the entrainment rate, because high-speed temperature and LWC probes with maximum spatial resolution of 10 cm were flown together for the first time. Nine long-duration flights were made through mostly unbroken Sc for which conditional sampling was used to identify the location and size of the holes. The holes are concentrated near cloud top, their average width near cloud top is about 5 m, their relative length distribution is nearly constant for all flights, and they can penetrate hundreds of meters deep into the Sc before being lost by mixing. Entrainment velocities at cloud top are estimated from measurements of fluxes of reduced LWC and vapor mixing ratios in holes, the fraction of cloud area covered by holes, and the total water jump between cloud top and the free atmosphere. Rates as large as 10 mm s−1 are found for nocturnal flights, and these rates are about 3 times larger than for daytime flight segments. The rates correlate best with the size of the buoyancy jump above the Sc; the present conditional-sampling approach for measuring the rates gives larger rates than the “flux jump” rates determined by others for the same flights by a factor of about 2. The stability criterion for all Sc predicts thinning and breakup of the Sc, which does not occur. The minimal amount of cloud-top evaporative cooling caused by entrainment contributes little to the top-down convection dominated by radiative cooling during nocturnal flights; however, evaporative cooling caused by the mixing of holes as they subduct with the large-scale eddy circulation in the Sc may contribute, but with an as-of-yet unknown amount.

Download Full-text