scholarly journals Planned morning aerobic exercise in a fasted state increases energy intake in the preceding 24 h

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asya Barutcu ◽  
Elizabeth Briasco ◽  
Jake Moon ◽  
David J. Stensel ◽  
James A. King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Fasted State ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Exercise Induced

Abstract Purpose We previously observed increased energy intake (EI) at the meal before planned afternoon exercise, but the proximity of the meal to exercise might have reduced the scale of the pre-exercise anticipatory eating. Therefore, this study examined EI in the 24 h before fasted morning exercise. Methods Fourteen males, experienced with gym-based aerobic exercise (age 25 ± 5 years, BMI 23.8 ± 2.5 kg/m2), completed counterbalanced exercise (EX) and resting (REST) trials. On day 1, subjects were told the following morning’s activity (EX/REST), before eating ad-libitum laboratory-based breakfast and lunch meals and a home-based afternoon/evening food pack. The following morning, subjects completed 30-min cycling and 30-min running (EX; 3274 ± 278 kJ) or 60-min supine rest (REST; 311 ± 34 kJ) fasted. Appetite was measured periodically, and EI quantified. Results Afternoon/evening EI (EX 7371 ± 2176 kJ; REST 6437 ± 2070 kJ; P = 0.017) and total 24-h EI (EX 14,055 ± 3672 kJ; REST 12,718 ± 3379 kJ; P = 0.011) were greater during EX, with no difference between trials at breakfast (P = 0.761) or lunch (P = 0.071). Relative EI (EI minus energy expended through EX/REST) was lower in EX (EX 10,781 ± 3539 kJ; REST 12,407 ± 3385 kJ; P = 0.004). Conclusion This study suggests planned fasted aerobic exercise increases EI during the preceding afternoon/evening, precipitating a ~ 10% increase in EI in the preceding 24-h. However, this increase did not fully compensate for energy expended during exercise; meaning exercise induced an acute negative energy balance.

Energy Balance and Energy Availability During a Selection Course for Belgian Paratroopers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Mullie ◽  
Pieter Maes ◽  
Laurens van Veelen ◽  
Damien Van Tiggelen ◽  
Peter Clarys
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Rest Metabolic Rate ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Availability

ABSTRACT Introduction Adequate energy supply is a prerequisite for optimal performances and recovery. The aims of the present study were to estimate energy balance and energy availability during a selection course for Belgian paratroopers. Methods Energy expenditure by physical activity was measured with accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+, ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA) and rest metabolic rate in Cal.d−1 with Tinsley et al.’s equation based on fat-free mass = 25.9 × fat-free mass in kg + 284. Participants had only access to the French individual combat rations of 3,600 Cal.d−1, and body fat mass was measured with quadripolar impedance (Omron BF508, Omron, Osaka, Japan). Energy availability was calculated by the formula: ([energy intake in foods and beverages] − [energy expenditure physical activity])/kg FFM−1.d−1, with FFM = fat-free mass. Results Mean (SD) age of the 35 participants was 25.1 (4.18) years, and mean (SD) percentage fat mass was 12.0% (3.82). Mean (SD) total energy expenditure, i.e., the sum of rest metabolic rate, dietary-induced thermogenesis, and physical activity, was 5,262 Cal.d−1 (621.2), with percentile 25 at 4,791 Cal.d−1 and percentile 75 at 5,647 Cal.d−1, a difference of 856 Cal.d−1. Mean daily energy intake was 3,600 Cal.d−1, giving a negative energy balance of 1,662 (621.2) Cal.d−1. Mean energy availability was 9.3 Cal.kg FFM−1.d−1. Eleven of the 35 participants performed with a negative energy balance of 2,000 Cal.d−1, and only five participants out of 35 participants performed at a less than 1,000 Cal.d−1 negative energy balance level. Conclusions Energy intake is not optimal as indicated by the negative energy balance and the low energy availability, which means that the participants to this selection course had to perform in suboptimal conditions.

scholarly journals Lipoprotein Subclass Profile after Progressive Energy Deficits Induced by Calorie Restriction or Exercise

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Chooi ◽  
Cherlyn Ding ◽  
Zhiling Chan ◽  
Jezebel Lo ◽  
John Choo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Calorie Restriction ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Blood Lipid Profile ◽  
Diet And Exercise

Weight loss, induced by chronic energy deficit, improves the blood lipid profile. However, the effects of an acute negative energy balance and the comparative efficacy of diet and exercise are not well-established. We determined the effects of progressive, acute energy deficits (20% or 40% of daily energy requirements) induced by a single day of calorie restriction (n = 19) or aerobic exercise (n = 13) in healthy subjects (age: 26 ± 9 years; body mass index (BMI): 21.8 ± 2.9 kg/m2). Fasting plasma concentrations of very low-, intermediate-, low-, and high-density lipoprotein (VLDL, LDL, IDL, and HDL, respectively) particles and their subclasses were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance. Total plasma triglyceride and VLDL-triglyceride concentrations decreased after calorie restriction and exercise (all p ≤ 0.025); the pattern of change was linear with an increasing energy deficit (all p < 0.03), with no evidence of plateauing. The number of circulating large and medium VLDL particles decreased after diet and exercise (all p < 0.015), with no change in small VLDL particles. The concentrations of IDL, LDL, and HDL particles, their relative distributions, and the particle sizes were not altered. Our data indicate that an acute negative energy balance induced by calorie restriction and aerobic exercise reduces triglyceride concentrations in a dose-dependent manner, by decreasing circulating large and medium VLDL particles.

Body fat loss and compensatory mechanisms in response to different doses of aerobic exercise—a randomized controlled trial in overweight sedentary males

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (6) ◽  
pp. R571-R579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mads Rosenkilde ◽  
Pernille Auerbach ◽  
Michala Holm Reichkendler ◽  
Thorkil Ploug ◽  
Bente Merete Stallknecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Exercise Induced

The amount of weight loss induced by exercise is often disappointing. A diet-induced negative energy balance triggers compensatory mechanisms, e.g., lower metabolic rate and increased appetite. However, knowledge about potential compensatory mechanisms triggered by increased aerobic exercise is limited. A randomized controlled trial was performed in healthy, sedentary, moderately overweight young men to examine the effects of increasing doses of aerobic exercise on body composition, accumulated energy balance, and the degree of compensation. Eighteen participants were randomized to a continuous sedentary control group, 21 to a moderate-exercise (MOD; 300 kcal/day), and 22 to a high-exercise (HIGH; 600 kcal/day) group for 13 wk, corresponding to ∼30 and 60 min of daily aerobic exercise, respectively. Body weight (MOD: −3.6 kg, P < 0.001; HIGH: −2.7 kg, P = 0.01) and fat mass (MOD: −4.0 kg, P < 0.001 and HIGH: −3.8 kg, P < 0.001) decreased similarly in both exercise groups. Although the exercise-induced energy expenditure in HIGH was twice that of MOD, the resulting accumulated energy balance, calculated from changes in body composition, was not different (MOD: −39.6 Mcal, HIGH: −34.3 Mcal, not significant). Energy balance was 83% more negative than expected in MOD, while it was 20% less negative than expected in HIGH. No statistically significant changes were found in energy intake or nonexercise physical activity that could explain the different compensatory responses associated with 30 vs. 60 min of daily aerobic exercise. In conclusion, a similar body fat loss was obtained regardless of exercise dose. A moderate dose of exercise induced a markedly greater than expected negative energy balance, while a higher dose induced a small but quantifiable degree of compensation.

Effect of Protein Intake on IGF-I System Responses to a 7-Day Exercise-Induced Negative Energy Balance

2006 ◽  
Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S486
Author(s):  
Kevin R. Rarick ◽  
Matthew A. Pikosky ◽  
Andrew J. Young ◽  
Ann Grediagin ◽  
Tracey J. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Exercise Induced

Plasma adrenal, gonadal, and conjugated steroids following long-term exercise-induced negative energy balance in identical twins

Metabolism ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1120-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Pritchard ◽  
Jean-Pierre Després ◽  
Jacques Gagnon ◽  
Adnré Tchernof ◽  
Adnré Nadeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Identical Twins ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Conjugated Steroids

scholarly journals Evidence of negative energy balance using doubly labelled water in elite Kenyan endurance runners prior to competition

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry W. Fudge ◽  
Klaas R. Westerterp ◽  
Festus K. Kiplamai ◽  
Vincent O. Onywera ◽  
Michael K. Boit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Endurance Running ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Endurance Runners ◽  
Intense Training ◽  
Heavy Training

Previous studies have found Kenyan endurance runners to be in negative energy balance during training and prior to competition. The aim of the present study was to assess energy balance in nine elite Kenyan endurance runners during heavy training. Energy intake and expenditure were determined over 7d using weighed dietary intake and doubly labelled water, respectively. Athletes were on average in negative energy balance (mean energy intake 13 241 (SD 1330) kJ/d v. mean energy expenditure 14 611 (SD 1043) kJ/d; P=0·046), although there was no loss in body mass (mean 56·0 (SD 3·4) kg v. 55·7 (SD 3·6) kg; P=0·285). The calculation of underreporting was 13; (range −24 to +9%) and almost entirely accounted for by undereating (9% (range −55 to +39%)) as opposed to a lack of significant underrecording (i.e. total water intake was no different from water loss (mean 4·2 (SD 0·6) l/d v. 4·5 (SD 0·8) l/d; P=0·496)). Fluid intake was modest and consisted mainly of water (0·9 (SD 0·5) l/d) and milky tea (0·9 (SD 0·3) l/d). The diet was high in carbohydrate (67·3 (SD 7·8) %) and sufficient in protein (15·3 (SD 4·0) %) and fat (17·4 (SD 3·9) %). These results confirm previous observations that Kenyan runners are in negative energy balance during periods of intense training. A negative energy balance would result in a reduction in body mass, which, when combined with a high carbohydrate diet, would have the potential in the short term to enhance endurance running performance by reducing the energy cost of running.

Hypothalamic regulation of energy homeostasis when consuming diets of different energy concentrations: Comparison between Tibetan and Small-tailed Han sheep

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Xiaoping Jing ◽  
Yamin Guo ◽  
Allan Degen ◽  
Wenji Wang ◽  
Jingpeng Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Tibetan Sheep ◽  
Protein Expressions ◽  
Positive Energy Balance

Abstract Seasonal energy intake of Tibetan sheep on the harsh Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) fluctuates greatly and is often well below maintenance requirements. The aim of this study was to gain insight into how the hypothalamus regulates energy homeostasis in Tibetan and Small-tailed Han sheep. We compared Tibetan and Small-tailed Han sheep (n=24 of each breed), which were offered one of four diets that differed in digestible energy (DE) densities: 8.21, 9.33, 10.45 and 11.57 MJ/kg dry matter. Sheep were weighed every two weeks, and it was assumed that the change in body weight reflected the change in energy balance. The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in Tibetan sheep had greater protein expressions of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) when in negative energy balance, but lesser protein expressions of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) when in positive energy balance than Small-tailed Han sheep. As a result, Tibetan sheep had a lesser body weight (BW) loss when in negative energy balance and stored more energy and gained more BW when in positive energy balance than Small-tailed Han sheep with the same dietary intake. Moreover, in the hypothalamic AMPK regulation pathway, Tibetan sheep had greater AMPKα2 protein expression than Small-tailed Han sheep, which supported the premise of a better ability to regulate energy homeostasis and better growth performance. These differences in the hypothalamic NPY/AgRP, POMC/CART and AMPK pathways between breeds conferred an advantage to the Tibetan over Small-tailed Han sheep to cope with low energy intake on the harsh QTP.

scholarly journals Negative energy balance plays a major role in the IGF-I response to exercise training

2004 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 276-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Nemet ◽  
Peter H. Connolly ◽  
Andria M. Pontello-Pescatello ◽  
Christie Rose-Gottron ◽  
Jennifer K. Larson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Igf Binding ◽  
Igf Binding Protein

Circulating IGF-I is correlated with fitness, but results of prospective exercise training studies have been inconsistent, showing both increases and decreases in IGF-I. We hypothesized that energy balance, often not accounted for, is a regulating variable such that training plus an energy intake deficit would cause a reduction in IGF-I, whereas training plus energy intake excess would lead to an increased IGF-I. To test this, 19 young, healthy men completed a 7-day strenuous exercise program in which they were randomly assigned to either a positive energy balance [overfed (OF), n = 10] or negative energy balance [underfed (UF), n = 9] group. IGF-I (free and total), insulin, and IGF-binding protein-1 were measured before, during, and 1 wk after the training. Weight decreased in the UF subjects and increased in the OF subjects. Free and total IGF-I decreased substantially in the UF group ( P < 0.0005 for both), but, in the OF group, IGF-I remained unchanged. The UF group also demonstrated an increase in IGF-binding protein-1 ( P < 0.027), whereas glucose levels decreased ( P < 0.0005). In contrast, insulin was reduced in both the OF and UF exercise-training groups ( P < 0.044). Finally, within 7 days of the cessation of the diet and training regimen, IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-1 in the UF group returned to preintervention levels. We conclude that energy balance during periods of exercise training influences circulating IGF-I and related growth mediators. Exercise-associated mechanisms may inhibit increases in IGF-I early in the course of a training protocol, even in overfed subjects.

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