Hypothalamic regulation of energy homeostasis when consuming diets of different energy concentrations: Comparison between Tibetan and Small-tailed Han sheep

Abstract Seasonal energy intake of Tibetan sheep on the harsh Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) fluctuates greatly and is often well below maintenance requirements. The aim of this study was to gain insight into how the hypothalamus regulates energy homeostasis in Tibetan and Small-tailed Han sheep. We compared Tibetan and Small-tailed Han sheep (n=24 of each breed), which were offered one of four diets that differed in digestible energy (DE) densities: 8.21, 9.33, 10.45 and 11.57 MJ/kg dry matter. Sheep were weighed every two weeks, and it was assumed that the change in body weight reflected the change in energy balance. The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in Tibetan sheep had greater protein expressions of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) when in negative energy balance, but lesser protein expressions of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) when in positive energy balance than Small-tailed Han sheep. As a result, Tibetan sheep had a lesser body weight (BW) loss when in negative energy balance and stored more energy and gained more BW when in positive energy balance than Small-tailed Han sheep with the same dietary intake. Moreover, in the hypothalamic AMPK regulation pathway, Tibetan sheep had greater AMPKα2 protein expression than Small-tailed Han sheep, which supported the premise of a better ability to regulate energy homeostasis and better growth performance. These differences in the hypothalamic NPY/AgRP, POMC/CART and AMPK pathways between breeds conferred an advantage to the Tibetan over Small-tailed Han sheep to cope with low energy intake on the harsh QTP.

Download Full-text

Investigation of negative energy balance and postpartum anoestrus in an intensive dairy farm from the Chinese province of Heilongjiang

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb201786010059 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 59-65

Author(s):

Ziling Fan ◽

Shi Shu ◽

Chuchu Xu ◽

Changsheng Li ◽

Xinhuan Xiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Dairy Farm ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Negative Energy Balance ◽

Positive Energy ◽

Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽

Ovarian Status ◽

Positive Energy Balance ◽

Chinese Province ◽

The Relationship

The aim of this investigation was to determine the relationship between postpartum anoestrus and negative energy balance in an intensive dairy farm from the Heilongjiang Province, China. At 14 to 21 d after parturition, 100 cows were randomly selected and their plasma indices, including β-hydroxybutyric acid, non-esterified fatty acid, and glucose were measured. Cows were assigned to a positive energy balance group (n = 37) and a negative energy balance group (n = 36) based on their β-hydroxybutyric acid concentrations (> 1.20 mmol/l). The two groups of cows were examined by B-mode ultrasonography and rectal examination from 60 to 90 d after parturition to identify the ovarian status of oestrous and anoestrous animals. The incidences of negative energy balance and positive energy balance were 49 and 57%, respectively, from14 to 21 d after parturition. From 60 to 90 d after parturition, 94.4% of the negative energy balance group were in anoestrus and 5.6% were in oestrus, while 62.2% of the positive energy balance group were in anoestrus and 37.8% were in oestrus. Furthermore, the proportion of inactive ovaries in the negative energy balance group was 61.8%. In conclusion, the negative energy balance is an important factor causing inactive ovaries in high-yielding dairy cows.

Download Full-text

Orexin activation precedes increased NPY expression, hyperphagia, and metabolic changes in response to sleep deprivation

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00660.2009 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 298 (3) ◽

pp. E726-E734 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Paulo José Forcina Martins ◽

Marina Soares Marques ◽

Sergio Tufik ◽

Vânia D'Almeida

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Food Intake ◽

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Weight Control ◽

Time Course ◽

Energy Homeostasis ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Negative Energy Balance ◽

Mrna Levels

Several pieces of evidence support that sleep duration plays a role in body weight control. Nevertheless, it has been assumed that, after the identification of orexins (hypocretins), the molecular basis of the interaction between sleep and energy homeostasis has been provided. However, no study has verified the relationship between neuropeptide Y (NPY) and orexin changes during hyperphagia induced by sleep deprivation. In the current study we aimed to establish the time course of changes in metabolite, endocrine, and hypothalamic neuropeptide expression of Wistar rats sleep deprived by the platform method for a distinct period (from 24 to 96 h) or sleep restricted for 21 days (SR-21d). Despite changes in the stress hormones, we found no changes in food intake and body weight in the SR-21d group. However, sleep-deprived rats had a 25–35% increase in their food intake from 72 h accompanied by slight weight loss. Such changes were associated with increased hypothalamus mRNA levels of prepro-orexin (PPO) at 24 h followed by NPY at 48 h of sleep deprivation. Conversely, sleep recovery reduced the expression of both PPO and NPY, which rapidly brought the animals to a hypophagic condition. Our data also support that sleep deprivation rapidly increases energy expenditure and therefore leads to a negative energy balance and a reduction in liver glycogen and serum triacylglycerol levels despite the hyperphagia. Interestingly, such changes were associated with increased serum levels of glucagon, corticosterone, and norepinephrine, but no effects on leptin, insulin, or ghrelin were observed. In conclusion, orexin activation accounts for the myriad changes induced by sleep deprivation, especially the hyperphagia induced under stress and a negative energy balance.

Download Full-text

Negative energy balance plays a major role in the IGF-I response to exercise training

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00654.2003 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

pp. 276-282 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Dan Nemet ◽

Peter H. Connolly ◽

Andria M. Pontello-Pescatello ◽

Christie Rose-Gottron ◽

Jennifer K. Larson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Binding Protein ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Negative Energy Balance ◽

Positive Energy ◽

Igf I ◽

Igf Binding ◽

Igf Binding Protein

Circulating IGF-I is correlated with fitness, but results of prospective exercise training studies have been inconsistent, showing both increases and decreases in IGF-I. We hypothesized that energy balance, often not accounted for, is a regulating variable such that training plus an energy intake deficit would cause a reduction in IGF-I, whereas training plus energy intake excess would lead to an increased IGF-I. To test this, 19 young, healthy men completed a 7-day strenuous exercise program in which they were randomly assigned to either a positive energy balance [overfed (OF), n = 10] or negative energy balance [underfed (UF), n = 9] group. IGF-I (free and total), insulin, and IGF-binding protein-1 were measured before, during, and 1 wk after the training. Weight decreased in the UF subjects and increased in the OF subjects. Free and total IGF-I decreased substantially in the UF group ( P < 0.0005 for both), but, in the OF group, IGF-I remained unchanged. The UF group also demonstrated an increase in IGF-binding protein-1 ( P < 0.027), whereas glucose levels decreased ( P < 0.0005). In contrast, insulin was reduced in both the OF and UF exercise-training groups ( P < 0.044). Finally, within 7 days of the cessation of the diet and training regimen, IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-1 in the UF group returned to preintervention levels. We conclude that energy balance during periods of exercise training influences circulating IGF-I and related growth mediators. Exercise-associated mechanisms may inhibit increases in IGF-I early in the course of a training protocol, even in overfed subjects.

Download Full-text

The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665115004243 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 75 (3) ◽

pp. 319-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

David J. Clayton ◽

Lewis J. James

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Intervention Studies ◽

Precise Determination ◽

Positive Energy ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Positive Energy Balance ◽

The Impact

The belief that breakfast is the most important meal of day has been derived from cross-sectional studies that have associated breakfast consumption with a lower BMI. This suggests that breakfast omission either leads to an increase in energy intake or a reduction in energy expenditure over the remainder of the day, resulting in a state of positive energy balance. However, observational studies do not imply causality. A number of intervention studies have been conducted, enabling more precise determination of breakfast manipulation on indices of energy balance. This review will examine the results from these studies in adults, attempting to identify causal links between breakfast and energy balance, as well as determining whether consumption of breakfast influences exercise performance. Despite the associations in the literature, intervention studies have generally found a reduction in total daily energy intake when breakfast is omitted from the daily meal pattern. Moreover, whilst consumption of breakfast supresses appetite during the morning, this effect appears to be transient as the first meal consumed after breakfast seems to offset appetite to a similar extent, independent of breakfast. Whether breakfast affects energy expenditure is less clear. Whilst breakfast does not seem to affect basal metabolism, breakfast omission may reduce free-living physical activity and endurance exercise performance throughout the day. In conclusion, the available research suggests breakfast omission may influence energy expenditure more strongly than energy intake. Longer term intervention studies are required to confirm this relationship, and determine the impact of these variables on weight management.

Download Full-text

Energy Balance and Energy Availability During a Selection Course for Belgian Paratroopers

Military Medicine ◽

10.1093/milmed/usab140 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Patrick Mullie ◽

Pieter Maes ◽

Laurens van Veelen ◽

Damien Van Tiggelen ◽

Peter Clarys

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Rest Metabolic Rate ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Negative Energy Balance ◽

Energy Availability

ABSTRACT Introduction Adequate energy supply is a prerequisite for optimal performances and recovery. The aims of the present study were to estimate energy balance and energy availability during a selection course for Belgian paratroopers. Methods Energy expenditure by physical activity was measured with accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+, ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA) and rest metabolic rate in Cal.d−1 with Tinsley et al.’s equation based on fat-free mass = 25.9 × fat-free mass in kg + 284. Participants had only access to the French individual combat rations of 3,600 Cal.d−1, and body fat mass was measured with quadripolar impedance (Omron BF508, Omron, Osaka, Japan). Energy availability was calculated by the formula: ([energy intake in foods and beverages] − [energy expenditure physical activity])/kg FFM−1.d−1, with FFM = fat-free mass. Results Mean (SD) age of the 35 participants was 25.1 (4.18) years, and mean (SD) percentage fat mass was 12.0% (3.82). Mean (SD) total energy expenditure, i.e., the sum of rest metabolic rate, dietary-induced thermogenesis, and physical activity, was 5,262 Cal.d−1 (621.2), with percentile 25 at 4,791 Cal.d−1 and percentile 75 at 5,647 Cal.d−1, a difference of 856 Cal.d−1. Mean daily energy intake was 3,600 Cal.d−1, giving a negative energy balance of 1,662 (621.2) Cal.d−1. Mean energy availability was 9.3 Cal.kg FFM−1.d−1. Eleven of the 35 participants performed with a negative energy balance of 2,000 Cal.d−1, and only five participants out of 35 participants performed at a less than 1,000 Cal.d−1 negative energy balance level. Conclusions Energy intake is not optimal as indicated by the negative energy balance and the low energy availability, which means that the participants to this selection course had to perform in suboptimal conditions.

Download Full-text

Murine neuronatin deficiency is associated with a hypervariable food intake and bimodal obesity

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-96278-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Irene Cimino ◽

Debra Rimmington ◽

Y. C. Loraine Tung ◽

Katherine Lawler ◽

Pierre Larraufie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Food Intake ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Positive Energy ◽

Chow Diet ◽

Chromatin Regulator ◽

Positive Energy Balance ◽

The Impact ◽

Deficient Mice

AbstractNeuronatin (Nnat) has previously been reported to be part of a network of imprinted genes downstream of the chromatin regulator Trim28. Disruption of Trim28 or of members of this network, including neuronatin, results in an unusual phenotype of a bimodal body weight. To better characterise this variability, we examined the key contributors to energy balance in Nnat+/−p mice that carry a paternal null allele and do not express Nnat. Consistent with our previous studies, Nnat deficient mice on chow diet displayed a bimodal body weight phenotype with more than 30% of Nnat+/−p mice developing obesity. In response to both a 45% high fat diet and exposure to thermoneutrality (30 °C) Nnat deficient mice maintained the hypervariable body weight phenotype. Within a calorimetry system, food intake in Nnat+/−p mice was hypervariable, with some mice consuming more than twice the intake seen in wild type littermates. A hyperphagic response was also seen in Nnat+/−p mice in a second, non-home cage environment. An expected correlation between body weight and energy expenditure was seen, but corrections for the effects of positive energy balance and body weight greatly diminished the effect of neuronatin deficiency on energy expenditure. Male and female Nnat+/−p mice displayed subtle distinctions in the degree of variance body weight phenotype and food intake and further sexual dimorphism was reflected in different patterns of hypothalamic gene expression in Nnat+/−p mice. Loss of the imprinted gene Nnat is associated with a highly variable food intake, with the impact of this phenotype varying between genetically identical individuals.

Download Full-text

Physiological and genetic differences between low and high index dairy cows

BSAP Occasional Publication ◽

10.1017/s0263967x0003370x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 223-236 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

M. C. Lucy ◽

B. A. Crooker

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Dairy Cattle ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Production ◽

Negative Energy ◽

High Index ◽

Negative Energy Balance ◽

Positive Energy ◽

Serum Concentrations ◽

Days Open

AbstractSelection of dairy cattle for increased milk production has decreased some indices of reproductive efficiency. For example, days open are increased by one day for every 100 kg of increased milk yield per lactation. Some of the change in days open can be explained by delayed onset of oestrous cyclicity and lower conception rate to artificial insemination in cows with greater milk production. Despite these negative associations between milk production and reproduction, reproduction in herds of high producing dairy cattle is not necessarily compromised relative to reproduction in herds of low producing dairy cattle. This is because there is a large environmental effect on dairy reproduction. High producing herds generally have better management and better oestrous detection. Therefore, high producing dairy herds may partially overcome the antagonistic relationship between milk production and reproduction. Physiological mechanisms that lead to poorer reproduction in high producing cows are partially defined. Negative energy balance that occurs in high producing dairy cows can be associated with a delay in the initiation of ovarian cycles and the interval to first breeding. Many of the effects of negative energy balance on postpartum reproduction can be explained by decreased serum luteinizing hormone (LH) that is associated with negative energy balance. Serum LH increases as cows move toward positive energy balance and greater LH stimulates growth and ovulation of ovarian follicles. We have initiated studies to address physiological differences in high and low index dairy cows. The reproductive endocrinology of cows from a control line (5,900 kg milk/lactation) and a select line (10,900 kg milk/lactation) of dairy cows at the University of Minnesota was studied over a two-year period. Cows in Year 1 were similar for serum concentrations of LH, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and oestradiol (preovulatory period). In both years, serum concentrations of progesterone during luteal phases, however, were decreased in select cows. The Year 2 cows also had a delay in the return to oestrous cyclicity that was associated with reduced LH. The possibility that decreased progesterone causes infertility in dairy cows will require further study. Collectively, these data suggest that changes in blood progesterone concentrations may explain, partially, lower fertility in high index dairy cows.

Download Full-text

Effect of negative energy balance on plasma metabolites, minerals, hormones, cytokines and ovarian follicular growth rate in Holstein dairy cows

Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.2478/jvetres-2021-0035 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Yuxi Song ◽

Zhijie Wang ◽

Chang Zhao ◽

Yunlong Bai ◽

Cheng Xia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Negative Energy Balance ◽

Plasma Metabolites ◽

Positive Energy ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽

Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽

Follicular Growth

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of negative energy balance (NEB) on the final growth of the dominant ovarian follicle in Holstein cows. Material and Methods Cows at 14 to 21 d postpartum from an intensive dairy farm were randomly selected and allocated into a positive energy balance group (PEB, with β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) level < 1.2 mmol/L, n = 15) and an NEB group (BHBA > 1.2 mmol/L, n = 15). Plasma samples were collected at 21, 50 and 55 d postpartum to assess the concentrations of energy metabolites, minerals, hormones and cytokines. Ovaries were examined by transrectal ultrasound on days 50 and 55 (120 hours later) to evaluate the diameter of the largest follicle. Results Compared with PEB cows, there were a more severe body condition loss and a lower milk yield in NEB cows (P < 0.05) and these had greater concentrations of plasma BHBA, non-esterified fatty acids, triglycerides, urea nitrogen, growth hormone, interleukin 6, and fibroblast growth factor 21 and lesser concentrations of plasma glucose, total cholesterol, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, leptin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and angiopoietin-like protein 8 on d 21 (P < 0.05), while plasma minerals were not affected by energy status (P > 0.05). These changes persisted until the end of the study period (50–55 days postpartum) resulting in a lower follicular growth rate for cows in the NEB than the PEB group. Conclusion These observations indicate that follicular growth rate is associated with measurable changes in energy metabolite, hormone and cytokine concentrations caused by early postpartum NEB.

Download Full-text

Obesity: A Game of Inches

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.95.1.131 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 131-132

Author(s):

Rudolph L. Leibel

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Caloric Intake ◽

Normal Growth ◽

Positive Energy ◽

Long Period ◽

Positive Energy Balance ◽

Diet History

Obesity, like baseball, is a game of inches. Weight gain cannot occur unless energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Such positive energy balance is a sine qua non for normal growth in the child, and for obesity in the adult. Very small excesses of intake over expenditure can make a big difference if present over a long period of time. Consider the children in the study reported by Klesges et al1 elsewhere in this journal (pages 126-130). At about 4½ years of age, these children were estimated (by diet history) to have been ingesting about 2000 kcal per day. This is almost certainly an overestimate of the actual caloric intake of these children (see below).

Download Full-text