scholarly journals Integrating trauma, self-disturbances, cognitive biases, and personality into a model for the risk of psychosis: a longitudinal study in a non-clinical sample

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Pionke-Ubych ◽  
Dorota Frydecka ◽  
Andrzej Cechnicki ◽  
Martyna Krężołek ◽  
Barnaby Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Psychosis Risk ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Dependent Sample

AbstractThe hypothesis of the psychosis continuum enables to study the mechanisms of psychosis risk not only in clinical samples but in non-clinical as well. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate self-disturbances (SD), a risk factor that has attracted substantial interest over the last two decades, in combination with trauma, cognitive biases and personality, and to test whether SD are associated with subclinical positive symptoms (PS) over a 12-month follow-up period. Our study was conducted in a non-clinical sample of 139 Polish young adults (81 females, age M = 25.32, SD = 4.51) who were selected for frequent experience of subclinical PS. Participants completed self-report questionnaires for the evaluation of SD (IPASE), trauma (CECA.Q), cognitive biases (DACOBS) and personality (TCI), and were interviewed for subclinical PS (CAARMS). SD and subclinical PS were re-assessed 12 months after baseline measurement. The hypothesized model for psychosis risk was tested using path analysis. The change in SD and subclinical PS over the 12-month period was investigated with non-parametric equivalent of dependent sample t-tests. The models with self-transcendence (ST) and harm avoidance (HA) as personality variables were found to be well-fitted and explained 34% of the variance in subclinical PS at follow-up. Moreover, we found a significant reduction of SD and subclinical PS after 12 months. Our study suggests that combining trauma, cognitive biases, SD and personality traits such as ST and HA into one model can enhance our understanding of appearance as well as maintenance of subclinical PS.

scholarly journals Associations between Trauma, Dissociation, Adult Attachment and Proneness to Hallucinations

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Berry ◽  
Paul Fleming ◽  
Samantha Wong ◽  
Sandra Bucci
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Adult Attachment ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽  
Relative Contribution

Background: Childhood adversity, dissociation and adult attachment have all been implicated in the development of hallucinations or ‘voice-hearing’. Testing psychological models in relation to subclinical phenomena, such as proneness to hallucinations in non-clinical samples, provides a convenient methodology to develop understanding of the processes and mechanisms underlying clinical symptoms. Aims: This paper investigates the relative contribution of childhood adversity, dissociation and adult attachment in explaining hallucination proneness in a non-clinical sample. Methods: Students and staff with no previous contact with secondary care at the University of Manchester were recruited. Participants completed a series of self-report measures: the Launay‒Slade Hallucination Scale (LSHS), the Relationship Scale Questionnaire (RSQ), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Dissociative Experiences Schedule (DES II) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Results: As hypothesized, insecure attachment, childhood adversity and dissociative symptoms were correlated with hallucination proneness. Multiple regression analysis, controlling for confounds of age and negative affect, indicated that the RSQ, CTQ and DES II predicted hallucination proneness. Only DES II and RSQ avoidant attachment were significant independent predictors in the final model. Conclusions: This study provides further evidence to support the idea that attachment and dissociation are important psychological mechanisms involved in voice-hearing proneness. Further testing is required with a clinical population.

A validation study of the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, Danish version

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S436-S436
Author(s):  
J. Eg Frøkjær ◽  
N. Bilenberg ◽  
R. Wesselhoeft
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Self Report ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Two Samples

IntroductionThe Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) was developed to measure depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. It includes a child self-report part and a parent report on child part. The MFQ has been validated and proven clinical useful in several countries.ObjectivesTo validate the MFQ in a population of Danish children and adolescents.AimsThere is a need of a standardized questionnaire for Danish children and adolescents tapping into affective symptoms. Before routine use the MFQ must have been validated in Denmark. This study examines the validity of MFQ in Danish children and adolescents.MethodsThe study included two samples of probands aged 8–18 years. A population-based sample of school children and their parents, and a clinical sample including two subsamples:– patients referred for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services with depressive symptoms;– in-patients at the paediatric department of a University Hospital.All included probands and their parents filled out the MFQ and the clinical samples in addition answered the depression section of the Beck Youth Inventories, and were interviewed using the depression part of “K-SADS-PL”.ResultsPreliminary results from both samples will be presented at the EPA 2017 in Florence.ConclusionsDepending on the results of this study, the MFQ might be used as a screening instrument and as a clinical tool to monitor depressive symptoms in Danish children and adolescents.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Avoidance and overgeneral memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Tim Ganly
Keyword(s):  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Overgeneral Memory ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Avoidance Strategies ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Overgeneral memory is a phenomenon that occurs in depression in which people tend to remember temporally non-specific autobiographical memories. Overgeneral memory may be functional; by avoiding specific memories, potentially distressing emotions can avoided. This “functional avoidance” may be part of a repertoire of avoidance strategies people use when they are under stress. The question of the relationship between avoidance, stress, and overgeneral memory has been investigated using only laboratory-based stressors, and no previous research has examined the relationships in both non-clinical and clinical samples. Across four studies, this thesis investigated the relationships between avoidance and overgeneral memory in clinical and non-clinical samples and whether every-day stress moderates this relationship.  Studies 1, 2, and 4 engaged undergraduate samples in which mean depression scores were low (non-clinical samples). Study 3 engaged a sample from a university counselling service in which the mean depression score was high (clinical sample). Participants completed self-report measures of avoidance and stress. They were also asked to remember specific events to a series of emotion cue words on the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT). This thesis also investigated the possibility that avoidance may be associated with a reduction in memory performance on other tests of autobiographical memory besides the AMT, perhaps because other types of memories, not just specific, can be distressing. Thus, in Study 1, participants also completed the Autobiographical Memory Test-Reversed (AMT-R) in which they were asked to retrieve general memories. In addition, across studies, the pleasantness of events remembered to positive and negative cues was examined. In Study 4, the possible moderating role of rating pleasantness on the relationship between avoidance and overgeneral memory was examined.  Results from the non-clinical samples indicated higher avoidance was associated with less overgeneral remembering on the AMT. In the clinical sample, there were no significant relationships between avoidance and overgeneral memory. There were no significant relationships between avoidance and AMT-R performance. Overall, stress did not moderate the relationship between avoidance and overgeneral memory. Mean pleasantness ratings for events remembered to positive and negative cues were congruent with cue valence. However, individual positive and negative cues did not always elicit memories for pleasant and unpleasant events, respectively. Rating (vs. not rating) the pleasantness of remembered events did not moderate the relationship between avoidance and overgeneral memory. Overall, findings suggested that functional avoidance is not part of a repertoire of avoidance strategies. Ironic process theory is discussed as an explanation for why higher avoidance was associated with a lower proportion of overgeneral memories in the non-clinical samples.</p>

scholarly journals Sensorimotor and Activity Psychosis-Risk (SMAP-R) Scale: An Exploration of Scale Structure With Replication and Validation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine S F Damme ◽  
Jason Schiffman ◽  
Lauren M Ellman ◽  
Vijay A Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Individualized Medicine ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Finger Tapping ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Clinical Interviews ◽  
Psychosis Risk

Abstract Background Sensorimotor abnormalities precede and predict the onset of psychosis. Despite the practical utility of sensorimotor abnormalities for early identification, prediction, and individualized medicine applications, there is currently no dedicated self-report instrument designed to capture these important behaviors. The current study assessed and validated a questionnaire designed for use in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR). Methods The current study included both exploratory (n = 3009) and validation (n = 439) analytic datasets—that included individuals identified as meeting criteria for a CHR syndrome (n = 84)—who completed the novel Sensorimotor Abnormalities and Psychosis-Risk (SMAP-R) Scale, clinical interviews and a finger-tapping task. The structure of the scale and reliability of items were consistent across 2 analytic datasets. The resulting scales were assessed for discriminant validity across CHR, community sample non-psychiatric volunteer, and clinical groups. Results The scale showed a consistent structure across 2 analytic datasets subscale structure. The resultant subscale structure was consistent with conceptual models of sensorimotor pathology in psychosis (coordination and dyskinesia) in both the exploratory and the validation analytic dataset. Further, these subscales showed discriminant, predictive, and convergent validity. The sensorimotor abnormality scales discriminated CHR from community sample non-psychiatric controls and clinical samples. Finally, these subscales predicted to risk calculator scores and showed convergent validity with sensorimotor performance on a finger-tapping task. Conclusion The SMAP-R scale demonstrated good internal, discriminant, predictive, and convergent validity, and subscales mapped on to conceptually relevant sensorimotor circuits. Features of the scale may facilitate widespread incorporation of sensorimotor screening into psychosis-risk research and practice.

scholarly journals Beliefs about Binge Eating: Psychometric Properties of the Eating Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ-18) in Eating Disorder, Obese, and Community Samples

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Burton ◽  
Deborah Mitchison ◽  
Phillipa Hay ◽  
Brooke Donnelly ◽  
Christopher Thornton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Metacognitive Beliefs

Binge eating is a core diagnostic feature of bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, anorexia nervosa binge/purge type, and is a common feature of “other specified” and “unspecified” feeding and eating disorders. It has been suggested that specific metacognitive beliefs about food, eating, and binge eating may play a key role in the maintenance of binge eating behaviour. The Eating Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ-18) provides a brief self-report assessment tool measuring three types of metacognitive beliefs: negative, positive, and permissive beliefs about food and eating. This study aimed to build on past research by validating the factor structure and psychometric properties of the EBQ-18 using both a clinical and non-clinical sample. A sample of 688 participants (n = 498 non-clinical participants, n = 161 participants seeking treatment for an eating disorder, and n = 29 participants seeking treatment for obesity) completed a battery of questionnaires, including the EBQ-18 and other measures of eating disorder symptoms and relevant constructs. A subset of 100 non-clinical participants completed the test battery again after an interval of two-weeks, and 38 clinical participants completed the EBQ-18 before and after receiving psychological treatment for their eating disorder. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted and psychometric properties of this measure were assessed. The results of this study provide support for the three-factor model of the EBQ-18. In addition, the EBQ-18 was found to be a valid and reliable measure, with excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability in the non-clinical sample, and also demonstrated evidence of sensitivity to treatment in clinical samples with binge eating pathology. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to identify optimal cut-off scores for the EBQ-18. This study provides valuable information about the utility of the EBQ-18 as a measure for use in both clinical and research settings.

Anxiety Disorders: Similarities and Differences of Comorbidity in Treated and Untreated Groups

1991 ◽  
Vol 159 (S12) ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Ulrich Wittchen ◽  
Cecilia Ahmoi Essau ◽  
Jürgen-Christian Krieg
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Depressive Episodes

The similarities and differences of comorbidity in treated and untreated samples with anxiety disorders were examined using data from the Munich Follow-up Study: 133 subjects with anxiety and depressive disorders and 101 former in-patients at the Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry. Diagnoses were based on the DIS, not using the optional DSM—III exclusion rules. In these epidemiological and clinical samples, 69% and 95% respectively had at least two diagnoses. The epidemiological sample was clearly differentiated from the clinical sample by age of onset. The development of both depressive episodes and substance disorders in the two samples was mostly secondary to the development of anxiety problems. The outcome for subjects with both anxiety and depressive disorders tended to be worse than that for those with anxiety alone, regardless of whether a depressive episode was present at the time of the follow-up investigation. The usefulness is underlined of the comorbidity concept based on operationalised diagnosis without the exclusion rules offered by DSM—III and DSM—III—R.

scholarly journals Psychological Resources Protect Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study During the French Lockdown

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Pellerin ◽  
Eric Raufaste
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Resources ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Personal Wisdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Self Transcendence

This longitudinal study investigated the capability of various positive psychological resources to directly or indirectly protect specific well-being outcomes and moderate the effects on well-being of health and economic threats in a lockdown situation during the 2020 health crisis in France. At the beginning of lockdown (wave 1), participants (N = 470) completed self-assessment questionnaires to document their initial level of well-being and state of nine different well-established psychological resources, measured as traits: optimism, hope, self-efficacy, gratitude toward the world, self-transcendence, wisdom, gratitude of being, peaceful disengagement, and acceptance. Three weeks later, a weekly follow-up was started to record changes in well-being and reported threats for a duration of 5 weeks (waves 2–6). Results show that psychological resources efficiently protected well-being in a variety of ways: they buffered the adverse effects of reported threats to health and wealth, increased the well-being averages, and reduced the decline in well-being over time. More specifically, emotional well-being was positively predicted by hope, gratitude of being, and, to a lesser level, by acceptance; psychological well-being by self-efficacy, personal wisdom, and gratitude of being; social well-being only by gratitude toward the world; and inner well-being by optimism, gratitude of being, and acceptance. The study emphasizes the importance of cultivating psychological resources in ordinary times to protect individuals' well-being when difficult and extraordinary circumstances occur. It also offers clues to the kind of resources one may want to develop.

scholarly journals A Two Year Longitudinal Outcome Study of Addicted Health Care Professionals: An Investigation of the Role of Personality Variables

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. SART.S10556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Angres ◽  
Stephanie Bologeorges ◽  
Jessica Chou
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Post Discharge ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Longitudinal Outcome ◽  
Co Morbidity

The co-morbidity of personality disorders (PDs) and other dysregulatory personality patterns with addiction have been well-established, although few studies have examined this interplay on long-term sobriety outcome. In addition, health care professionals suffering from addiction have both a significant public health impact and a unique set of treatment and recovery challenges. The aim of this study was to investigate if personality variables differentiated sobriety outcome in this population over a two year interval. A clinical sample of health care professionals participated in a substance abuse hospital treatment program individually tailored with respect to personality. Participants took the Temperament and Character Inventory and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory at intake, and were tracked two years post-discharge to determine sobriety status. Univariate analyses showed antisocial personality, female gender, and alcohol dependence were independent predictors of relapse, however a significant relationship between personality and substance use did not exist in multivariate analysis when controlling for demographic variables The lack of multivariate relationships demonstrates the heterogeneity in self-report measures of personality, which suggests the interplay of personality and addiction is complex and individualized.

scholarly journals Psychometric concerns with the 10-item Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ10) as a measure of trait autism in the general population

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily C. Taylor ◽  
Lucy A. Livingston ◽  
Rachel A. Clutterbuck ◽  
Punit Shah
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Autism Spectrum Quotient ◽  
Internal Reliability ◽  
Diagnostic Screening

AbstractThe 10-item Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ10) is a self-report questionnaire used in clinical and research settings as a diagnostic screening tool for autism in adults. The AQ10 is also increasingly being used to quantify trait autism along a unitary dimension and correlated against performance on other psychological/medical tasks. However, its psychometric properties have yet to be examined when used in this way. By analysing AQ10 data from a large non-clinical sample of adults (n = 6,595), we found that the AQ10 does not have a unifactorial factor structure, and instead appears to have several factors. The AQ10 also had poor internal reliability. Taken together, whilst the AQ10 has important clinical utility in screening for diagnosable autism, it may not be a psychometrically robust measure when administered in non-clinical samples from the general population. Therefore, we caution against its use as a measure of trait autism in future research.

scholarly journals Longitudinal investigation into childhood-and adolescence-onset depression: Psychiatric outcome in early adulthood

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Dunn ◽  
Ian M. Goodyer
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Recurrent Depression ◽  
Severely Mentally Ill ◽  
Persistent Depression ◽  
Psychiatric Outcome

BackgroundMajor depression in childhood or adolescence increases the risk of affective disorder in adulthood. The precise nature and course of the subsequent disorder remain unclear.AimsTo investigate long-term psychiatric outcome of school-age depression in community and clinic samples.MethodA group of 113 young adults were followed up after a mean of 7.8 years (s.e.=15).ResultsGroups with persistent and recurrent depression were identified. Recurrence of affective disorder was similar in clinic and community groups. The clinic group had significantly longer index episodes; these were predicted by an early psychiatric history, longer episode duration before treatment and greater impairment. Being female, having higher self-report depression scores and comorbidity at index episode predicted earlier recurrence. Males were more likely to have persistent depression.ConclusionsPrognosis is similar in young people with depression from community and clinical samples. Boys from a clinical sample are at higher risk than girls of becoming persistently and severely mentally ill.

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