scholarly journals Characterisation of an artesian groundwater system in the Valle de Iglesia in the Central Andes of Argentina

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilka Hinzer ◽  
Manuel Altherr ◽  
Rodolfo Christiansen ◽  
Jürgen Schreuer ◽  
Stefan Wohnlich
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Groundwater System ◽  
Magmatic Rocks ◽  
Current Limit

AbstractDespite its location in the “Arid Diagonal” of South America, the Valle de Iglesia contains a number of artesian springs, the most important of which are the Baños Pismanta thermal springs, which release water at ~ 45 °C. Despite the scarcity of water resources in the Valle de Iglesia, there have been few attempts to study these springs in any detail. In this study, > 50 springs are described, each characterised by small volcano-like mud structures up to 15 m tall. Hydrogeological and hydrochemical analyses of the groundwater system in the Valle de Iglesia were performed to improve our understanding of the subsurface water flow and of the connections between the subsurface water and the associated systems of faults and springs. Site measurements were made, and the concentrations of the main ions and trace elements were also determined by laboratory analysis of water samples. The samples obtained from the spring were rich in Na–HCO3–SO4 and Na–SO4–HCO3, but the surface water samples from the Agua Negra River were rich in Ca–SO4–HCO3. The temperature of the springs was in the range 20–45 °C. Both the temperatures and the ionic ratios are compatible with the presence of a deep hydraulic circulation system. The oxidation of sulphide minerals nearby the magmatic rocks and volcanic edifices causes the mobilisation of arsenic, which accumulates in the groundwater due to the low annual rainfall. The concentrations of arsenic in the spring water samples were therefore higher than the current limit set by the World Health Organisation, meaning that the water is not suitable for human consumption.

scholarly journals Impact of Leachate from Northern Landfill Site in Bloemfontein on Water and Soil Quality: Implications for Water and Food Security

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 4238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusola O. Ololade ◽  
Sabelo Mavimbela ◽  
Saheed A. Oke ◽  
Rinae Makhadi
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Water Security ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
National Standard ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water And Food Security

Solid waste management in developing cities is a threat to water and food security. The final disposal option for solid wastes is usually landfill sites. Possible contaminants and their impact on surface and groundwater, and soil quality, at the northern solid waste landfill in Bloemfontein city, South Africa, was investigated. Soil samples were analysed for basic cations and heavy metals. A one-point surface leachate, groundwater, and surface water samples were analysed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters. Hydrochemical speciation models were developed using these parameters to determine the influence of the leachate emanating from the landfill on the quality of the water samples. Findings from the study showed that the low metal content in the soil and water samples posed no immediate threat to food and water security. However, most of the other parameters were above the permissible limit of South African National Standard 241 (SANS241) and World Health Organisation) (WHO for drinking water, a(nd the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) specification for irrigation, an indication that the groundwater was unfit for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes. Metal concentrations in the soil also increased with distance downslope of the landfill along drainage lines. The implementation of a circular economy in Bloemfontein will translate to less pollution and enhance sustainable development.

scholarly journals Assessment of heavy metals concentration in the intestine, kidney and muscle of Oreochromis niloticus in Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta reservoir

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-196
Author(s):  
F. I. Adeosun ◽  
A. A. Akinyemi ◽  
W. O. Abdul ◽  
A. O. Agbon ◽  
O. C. Odebiyi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Fish Tissues ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Safe Limits

Different sizes of Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia) were caught using cast net in FUNAAB reservoir. Water samples were also collected and analyzed for five metals: Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, Zinc, and Copper by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). During the experiment, three tissues were compared with the level of metal in water, Intestine, Kidney and Muscles. Generally, lower concentrations of metals were recorded in water than in fish tissues; lower concentration in the tissue of O niloticus except were found in the water which is less than the recommendation for human consumption by World Health Organisation. Lead was found to be the dominant in the intestine of Oreochromis niloticus while Chromium was recorded the least of all the metals. There is a significant difference (P<0.05) in heavy metal concentration in the tissue of O niloticus except for Chromium. Though, the heavy metals of interest were present in a measurable quantities, they are still within safe limits for consumption.

scholarly journals Physico-Chemical Quality Assessment of Various Bottled Commercial Water Brands in Okada Town, Edo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
F. W. Ngubi ◽  
I. Eiroboyi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Chemical Quality ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Health Organization

In this study, Physico-chemical assessment of some commercial drinking water sold in bottles in Okada Town was evaluated to ascertain their compliance with World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS): Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality threshold limits using standard analytical methods. Seven different bottled water samples obtained from different manufacturers labelled BWA to BWG were analyzed physically and chemically. Physical examination of the samples showed that they were odourless, colourless, and tasteless. Chemical quality parameters examined were pH, Chloride (Cl-), total hardness (TS), Phosphate (PHO3-), Nitrate (NO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Iron (Fe), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, turbidity, and total suspended solids (TSS). The pH values of 57.1% of the water samples (BWA, BWB, BWC, BWE & BWF) were within the standards. The remaining chemical quality parameters (Cl-, TS, PHO3-, NO3-, Sulphate SO42-, Iron Fe, K, NA, Mn, Zn, TDS, Conductivity, turbidity, and TSS) of the branded bottled water samples were within the standards for clean and safe drinking. Therefore, they were considered safe and fit for human consumption. 

scholarly journals Evaluation of Water Quality Index Using Physicochemical Characteristics of Ogbor River in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
C.G. Okey-Wokeh ◽  
C.C. Obunwo ◽  
O.K. Wokeh
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
International Standards ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Mean Values

The study was carried out to evaluate water quality index (WQI) of Ogbor River, a freshwater system flowing through the commercial city of Aba, Southern Nigeria using selected physicochemical parameters. The levels of the physicochemical parameters were determined using standard analytical procedures in the Laboratory. The values obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Excel spreadsheet (Version 16).Water Quality index was calculated using mean values of the selected nine parameters and the World Health Organisation standard for drinking water. The result of physicochemical parameters used showed that Dissolved Oxygen (DO) with mean 4.44 ± 0.70 mg/L, and Nitrate (NO3- ) with mean 7.58 ± 6.25 mg/L were below National and International standards. The value of WQI calculated was 83.05. The result revealed that Ogbor River water quality was very poor, so it is unfit for human consumption, and should be treated to avoid water related diseases. Keywords: Characteristics, Evaluation, Ogbor River, Physicochemical, Water Quality Index

scholarly journals Water Quality Analyses: Evidence from River Gashua and Some Selected Groundwater Sources in Gashua, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-203
Author(s):  
Amoo Afeez Oladeji ◽  
Adeleye Adeniyi Olarewaju ◽  
Bate Garba Barde ◽  
Asaju Catherine Iyabo ◽  
Isiaq Saheed Mohammed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Membrane Technique

The interface between surface water and groundwater is becoming more complex owing to the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities these days. In this study, the physicochemical; pH, color, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity while bacteriological parameters; total and fecal coliform of water samples from River Gashua and its surrounding wells in Gashua local government area of Yobe State were assessed. All the physicochemical parameters were analyzed using water quality standards. Fecal and total coliforms were assayed using the filter membrane technique. The results obtained from the physicochemical parameters of Boreholes (BH1, BH2, and BH3) and hand pump wells (HPW1, HPW2, and HPW3) are within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. However, the river (R) water sample was found to have a high concentration in total dissolved solids, turbidity, and color than permissible standards. Bacteriological analysis revealed the presence of total and fecal coliform in the water samples; R, BH2, BH3, HPW1, HPW2, and HPW3. The findings indicate that there is a need to protect the quality of the river system. Therefore, it is recommended that government and other stakeholders should take appropriate and corrective actions to avert the continuous discharge of waste products into the river. Again, Yobe State Ministry of Environment should ensure that all public boreholes are routinely subjected to appropriate water assays to ascertain their suitability for human consumption.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Characteristics of Selected Sachet and Bottled Water in Abraka, Delta State

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
C. Otobrise ◽  
T.C. Azuh ◽  
E.I. Mmakwe ◽  
E. Ogbakpa ◽  
C.O. Tolorun
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Poor Treatment ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Sachet Water

Some physicochemical properties of five brands of sachet and five brands of bottled water sold/produced in Abraka; Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State was investigated. Amounts of heavy in the water samples were also determined. The results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) respectively. Seventy percent of the samples had pH levels below the minimum level of 6.50 recommended by WHO and NSDWQ, suggesting that the water samples are acidic. The slight acidity of the water samples may not be unconnected to impurities from poor treatment techniques. Results for other physicochemical parameters: EC (78.60 ± 34.06 µs/cm), TDS (42.80 ± 18.46 mg/L), Temperature (30.02 ± 0.46 OC), Cl- (16.88 ± 7.01 mg/L), NO3- (0.12 ± 0.05 mg/L), NO2- (<0.001 mg/L), TH(10.60 ± 7.09 mg/L), Cu(0.05 ± 0.00 mg/L), Fe(0.34 ± 0.19 mg/L), Zn(0.11 ± 0.02 mg/L) and Mn (0.03 ± 0.00 mg/L) for sachet water samples; EC (99.60 ± 76.18 µs/cm), TDS (54.20 ± 41.84 mg/L), Temperature (29.96 ± 0.21 OC), Cl- (20.85 ± 17.44 mg/L), NO3- (0.12 ± 0.03 mg/L), NO2- (0.01 ± 0.01 mg/L), TH(15.00 ± 16.36 mg/L), Cu(0.04 ± 0.01 mg/L), Fe(0.20 ± 0.15 mg/L), Zn(0.11 ± 0.03 mg/L) and Mn (0.09 ± 0.01 mg/L) for bottled water samples; were within permissible limits, indicating that the water samples are good enough for human consumption.

scholarly journals Evaluation of metal contaminants of surface water sources in an active Pb-Zn mine pit and a nearby pond: comparison of levels of contamination

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-96
Author(s):  
SO Ngele ◽  
EJ Itumoh ◽  
U Obini
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Metal Contamination ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Soil Geochemistry ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
Student’S T

This study evaluated the potential health risks associated with domestic use of surface water from an active Pb-Zn mine pit, compared to a nearby pond. The concentrations of Pb, Zn, Mn, Co, Cu, Ni and Cr were quantitatively determined in water samples collected from Enyigba Pb-Zn mine and a nearby Uruva pond using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed varying concentrations of these metals in the samples. The mean values of the metals (mg/L) in the samples from the pit mine (in bracket from Uruva pond) are Pb – 0.80 (0.50), Zn – 0.14 (0.08) , Mn – 0.20 (0.16), Co – 0.07 (0.07), Cu – 0.30 (0.12), Ni – 0.31 (0.80) and Cr – 0.19 (0.23). When compared with World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended limits for metals in drinking water, the values of Pb, Mn, Ni and Cr exceeded the limits in both samples while the values of Zn, Cu and Co were below the limits. The levels of significant differences in the sources of concentrations of the metals in both samples were tested at 95% confidence level (α = 0.05) using F- and student’s t-tests. It showed no evidence of differences (texps < tcrits), suggesting that the metal contamination of the water samples originated from common sources, such as the soil geochemistry of the areaKEYWORDS: metal contamination, Pb-Zn mining, surface water, Enyigba mine pit, Uruva pond

scholarly journals Fusariotoxins in wheat grain in Serbia

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Stepanic ◽  
Slavica Stankovic ◽  
Jelena Levic ◽  
Mirko Ivanovic ◽  
Vesna Krnjaja
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
World Health ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
The World

Samples of wheat grain (41), collected during the 2010 harvest from seven localities in Serbia, were analyzed for the presence of zearalenone (ZEA), T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisine B1 (FB1). Results of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) showed that all analysed samples were positive for the presence of at least one of four observed fusariotoxins. The most distributed mycotoxins were ZEA (90.2%, with the average concentration of 442.6?g kg-1) and T-2 (90.2%, with the average concentration of 24.2 ?g kg-1). DON (73.2%) and FB1 (84.4%) were detected in a somewhat smaller number of samples, but their average concentrations were higher (1988.1 ?g DON kg-1 and 882.7 ?g FB1 kg-1). The established correlations between concentrations of DON and FB1 (r = 0.32) or DON and ZEA (r = 0.22) were not statistically significant. A negative correlation was established between concentrations of T-2 and FB1 (r= -0.24), as well as, between T-2 and DON (r = -0.36). Detected concentrations of ZEA and T-2 were bellow the level prescribed by the World Health Organisation (WHO), while concentrations of FB1 and DON detected in five that is, 17 samples, respectively, were above the permissible limit for human consumption.

scholarly journals Variation of Water Quality of Four Micro Watersheds Outlets in Upstream of Mahaweli River during Maha Cropping Season

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
N.S. Abeysingha ◽  
M.I. Madusanka ◽  
B. Rotawewa ◽  
N. Gunasena
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
World Health

Non-point source, agriculture based pollutants have been identified as one of the main cause for water pollution in Sri Lanka. Naranhinna, Pambadeniya Kappeti-Ela, and Rajamale micro watersheds located in the Kandy district have been identified by the project on Rehabilitation of degraded agricultural lands in the Central Highlands implemented by Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) to rehabilitate through watershed management plan. This study assessed the baseline water quality status of these micro watersheds by obtaining water samples at the outlet of each watersheds during the Maha cropping seasons 2018/2019. Three replicates water samples from each outlets were collected six times and analysed for EC , pH, TDS, CO32-, HCO3-, NO3-, NH4+, available P, total K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, As, Cd, Cr, Mn, and Pb using standard methods. Most of the tested drinking water quality parameters in all four micro watersheds were within the permissible limits of World Health Organisation (WHO) standard except Fe and NH4+. Observed Fe contents exceeded the WHO limits (0.3 mg/L) of all watersheds and was in the range of 1.2-1.5 mg/L. Concentration of NH4+ at Kappeti Ela, Rajamale, and Pambadeniya was in the range of 0.5 to 0.7 mg/L which exceeded the WHO standard (0.5 mg/L). Using the tested parameters, study calculated drinking water quality index (DWQI) and also irrigation water quality index (IWQI) for all investigated micro watersheds for each of the sampling date. According to the guideline, mean DWQI (19 to 48.1) graded the water of all micro watersheds as excellent while IWQI (8.7-9.2) characterised them as excellent for any crops during the study period.

A Collaborative Study to Establish the Second International Standard for Streptokinase

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (02) ◽  
pp. 267-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
A B Heath ◽  
P J Gaffney
Keyword(s):  
High Purity ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clot Lysis ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Accelerated Degradation ◽  
The World ◽  
International Collaborative Study

SummaryAn International Standard for Streptokinase - Streptodomase (62/7) has been used to calibrate high purity clinical batches of SK since 1965. An international collaborative study, involving six laboratories, was undertaken to replace this standard with a high purity standard for SK. Two candidate preparations (88/826 and 88/824) were compared by a clot lysis assay with the current standard (62/7). Potencies of 671 i.u. and 461 i.u. were established for preparations A (88/826) and B (88/824), respectively.Either preparation appeared suitable to serve as a standard for SK. However, each ampoule of preparation A (88/826) contains a more appropriate amount of SK activity for potency testing, and is therefore preferred. Accelerated degradation tests indicate that preparation A (88/826) is very stable.The high purity streptokinase preparation, coded 88/826, has been established by the World Health Organisation as the 2nd International Standard for Streptokinase, with an assigned potency of 700 i.u. per ampoule.

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