Decision-making in social contexts in youth with ADHD

We examined the impact of viewing exemplars on people’s behaviour in risky decision-making environments. Specifically, we tested if people disproportionally choose to view and then imitate the behaviour of successful (vs. unsuccessful) others, which in the case of risky decision-making increases risk-taking and can hamper performance. In doing so, our research tested how a fundamental social psychological process (social influence) interacts with a fundamental statistical phenomenon (regression to the mean) to produce biases in decision-making. Experiment 1 ( N = 96) showed that people indeed model their own behaviour after that of a successful exemplar, resulting in more risky behaviour and poorer outcomes. Experiment 2 ( N = 208) indicated that people disproportionately choose to examine and then imitate most successful versus least successful exemplars. Experiment 3 ( N = 381) replicated Experiment 2 in a context where participants were offered the freedom to examine any possible exemplar, or no exemplar whatsoever, and across different incentive conditions. The results have implications for decision-making in a broad range of social contexts, such as education, health, and finances where risk-taking can have detrimental outcomes, and they may be particularly helpful to understand the role of social influence in gambling behaviour.

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Dimensions of Marital Roles in Consumer Decision-making

Vikalpa The Journal for Decision Makers ◽

10.1177/0256090919970103 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 11-22

Author(s):

S V Nathan

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Original Study ◽

Purchase Decisions ◽

Consumer Decision Making ◽

Partial Replication ◽

Consumer Decision ◽

Indian Context ◽

The Us ◽

Marital Roles

This study is a partial replication of an earlier study by Davis who studied the dimensions of marital roles in consumer decision-making in the planned purchase of two major consumer goods – automobiles and furniture. The original study was conducted in the late 1960s in Chicago whereas this study examines husband-wife roles in consumer family decisions in the Indian context (for the same products – automobiles and furniture). Despite significant differences in the timing of the two studies and also in the cultural and social contexts in India and the US, this study finds the pattern of relative influence of husband and wife in important purchase decisions to be essentially similar to that of Davis.

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Virtual bargaining: a theory of social decision-making

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2013.0487 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 369 (1655) ◽

pp. 20130487 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jennifer B. Misyak ◽

Nick Chater

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Essential Element ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Directions ◽

Social Decision ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

Empirical Tests ◽

Social Decision Making ◽

Vast Range

An essential element of goal-directed decision-making in social contexts is that agents' actions may be mutually interdependent. However, the most well-developed approaches to such strategic interactions, based on the Nash equilibrium concept in game theory, are sometimes too broad and at other times ‘overlook’ good solutions to fundamental social dilemmas and coordination problems. The authors propose a new theory of social decision-making—virtual bargaining—in which individuals decide among a set of moves on the basis of what they would agree to do if they could openly bargain. The core principles of a formal account are outlined (vis-à-vis the notions of ‘feasible agreement’ and explicit negotiation) and further illustrated with the introduction of a new game, dubbed the ‘Boobytrap game’ (a modification on the canonical Prisoner's Dilemma paradigm). In the first empirical data of how individuals play the Boobytrap game, participants' experimental choices accord well with a virtual bargaining perspective, but do not match predictions from a standard Nash account. Alternative frameworks are discussed, with specific empirical tests between these and virtual bargaining identified as future research directions. Lastly, it is proposed that virtual bargaining underpins a vast range of human activities, from social decision-making to joint action and communication.

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Trust-based Decision-making for the Adaptation of Public Displays in Changing Social Contexts

Journal of Trust Management ◽

10.1186/2196-064x-1-6 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 6 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Michael Wißner ◽

Stephan Hammer ◽

Ekatarina Kurdyukova ◽

Elisabeth André

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Public Displays

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I judge you by your profit: Judgments of effort exerted by self and others are influenced by received rewards

10.1101/253138 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Max Rollwage ◽

Franziska Pannach ◽

Caedyn Stinson ◽

Ulf Toelch ◽

Igor Kagan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Adaptive Learning ◽

Major Part ◽

Information Sources ◽

Computational Modelling ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Social Contexts ◽

The Other ◽

Reward Information ◽

Effort Rating

AbstractEffort constitutes a major part of cost-benefit calculations underlying decision making. Therefore, estimating the effort someone has spent on a task is a core dimension for evaluating own and others’ actions. It has been previously shown that self-judgments of effort are influenced by the magnitude of obtained rewards. It is unclear, however, whether the influence of reward on effort estimations is limited to self-judgments or whether reward incorporation represents a general computational principle when judging effort. Here we show that people also integrate reward magnitude when judging the effort exerted by others. Participants (N=48) performed an effortful sensorimotor task interleaved with a partner, while rating either their own or the other person’s effort. After each trial but before the effort rating, both participants were informed about the obtained reward. We found that higher rewards led to higher estimations of exerted effort, in self-as well as other-judgments, and this effect was more pronounced for other-judgments. In both types of judgment, computational modelling revealed that reward information and the perceived level of exertion were combined in a Bayes optimal manner to form effort estimates. Remarkably, the extent to which rewards influenced effort judgments was positively correlated with conservative world-views, indicating that the basic computations underlying this behavioural phenomenon might be related to more general beliefs about the association between effort and reward in the society. The integration of reward information into retrospective effort judgments underscores the convergence of multiple information sources that supports adaptive learning and decision making in social contexts.

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Distinguishing neural correlates of context-dependent advantageous- and disadvantageous-inequity aversion

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1802523115 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 115 (33) ◽

pp. E7680-E7689 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Xiaoxue Gao ◽

Hongbo Yu ◽

Ignacio Sáez ◽

Philip R. Blue ◽

Lusha Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Computational Models ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Inequity Aversion ◽

Context Dependency ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Context Dependent

Humans can integrate social contextual information into decision-making processes to adjust their responses toward inequity. This context dependency emerges when individuals receive more (i.e., advantageous inequity) or less (i.e., disadvantageous inequity) than others. However, it is not clear whether context-dependent processing of advantageous and disadvantageous inequity involves differential neurocognitive mechanisms. Here, we used fMRI to address this question by combining an interactive game that modulates social contexts (e.g., interpersonal guilt) with computational models that enable us to characterize individual weights on inequity aversion. In each round, the participant played a dot estimation task with an anonymous coplayer. The coplayer would receive pain stimulation with 50% probability when either of them responded incorrectly. At the end of each round, the participant completed a variant of dictator game, which determined payoffs for him/herself and the coplayer. Computational modeling demonstrated the context dependency of inequity aversion: when causing pain to the coplayer (i.e., guilt context), participants cared more about the advantageous inequity and became more tolerant of the disadvantageous inequity, compared with other conditions. Consistently, neuroimaging results suggested the two types of inequity were associated with differential neurocognitive substrates. While the context-dependent processing of advantageous inequity was associated with social- and mentalizing-related processes, involving left anterior insula, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, the context-dependent processing of disadvantageous inequity was primarily associated with emotion- and conflict-related processes, involving left posterior insula, right amygdala, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. These results extend our understanding of decision-making processes related to inequity aversion.

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Evaluation of husband–wife communication regarding family planning among the couple of reproductive age group in the field practice area of Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20182159 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 2361 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dasari Gayathry ◽

M. Ramsagar Reddy ◽

B. V. Rammana

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Family Planning ◽

Contraceptive Use ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Method Choice ◽

Field Practice ◽

Individual Decisions

Background: Fertility decisions occur within specific social contexts and social norms therefore restrict individual decisions on fertility and behaviors related to family planning such as spacing and limiting of births and using contraception which reflects the importance of effect of inter-spousal communication on the contraceptive method choice and future intention of method use. Hence the objective of present study is to evaluate the husband wife communication and contraceptive use, method choice and timing of initiation of discussion among couples in study area.Methods: A cross - sectional study was conducted during February 2013 - January 2014 among couples residing in the field practice study areas. A semi-structured questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic characteristics, questions related to awareness, sources and decision making towards family planning was administered to 406 couples of study area.Results: It has been observed that regarding decision making, about 39.4% of the men had taken a decision on the use of contraceptive methods, and only 21.7% wives had autonomy of using contraception of their choice. Around 67.5% of the men had discussion with their wives about the family planning and more than half (57%) of the time the discussion was initiated by men.Conclusions: Husband was the decision maker in nearly half of the couples and family planning was discussed among majority of respondents. Family planning education should be encouraged through effective IEC programs and strategies for promoting husband wife communication should be considered inorder to increase family planning adoption.

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How social contexts affect cognition: mentalizing interferes with sense of agency during voluntary action

10.31234/osf.io/wj3ep ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Nura Sidarus ◽

Patrick Haggard ◽

Frederike Beyer

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Cognitive Load ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Human Action ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Sense Of Agency ◽

Human Cognition ◽

Voluntary Action ◽

Causal Mechanism ◽

The Social

Living in complex social structures, humans have evolved a unique aptitude for mentalizing. On one view, mentalizing has shaped neurocognitive evolution, yet, little is known about how mentalizing interacts with other cognitive processes. For social animals, the actions of one individual often impact others. “Sense of agency” refers to the feeling of control over the outcomes of one’s actions, providing a precursor of responsibility. Here, we test a model of how social context influences this key feature of human action, even when action outcomes are not specifically social.We show that the presence of another potential agent reduces sense of agency for both positive and negative outcomes. This dissociates social modulation of sense of agency from classical self-serving bias, since the latter would reduce sense of agency only for undesirable outcomes. Instead, we propose that the cognitive load involved in decision-making is increased by the requirement to mentalize, and compute the possible actions of others, and their outcomes. In a second experiment, we test this hypothesis by comparing two situations, in which participants either need to consider potential actions of another person, or potential failures of a causal mechanism not involving any person. We find reduced sense of agency only in the social condition, suggesting that the presence of another intentional agent has a unique influence on the cognitive processes underlying one’s own voluntary action. Previous work primarily focussed on social facilitation of human cognition. However, when people must incorporate the potential actions of others into their decision-making, we show that the resulting cognitive load reduces individuals’ feelings of control.

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What Makes a Woman? Case Studies Documenting The Reasons for and Circumstances of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Indonesia, Ethiopia and Kenya

10.21203/rs.3.rs-786579/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tasneem Kakal ◽

Irwan Hidayana ◽

Berhanu Abeje ◽

Tabither Gitau ◽

Maryse Kok ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Young Women ◽

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

Health Workers ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Female Genital Cutting ◽

Traditional Practice ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Female Bodies ◽

Female Genital

Abstract Background: Female genital cutting/mutilation is a harmful traditional practice that violates women’s rights and has adverse health consequences. This paper presents the reasons for and circumstances of female genital mutilation/ cutting (FGM/C) in specific settings of three countries – Indonesia, Ethiopia and Kenya.Methods: Data were collected through a household survey with young people (15-24 years) and through focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and key informant interviews with youth and community stakeholders in 2016 and 2017. Descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis were conducted.Results: The study findings confirm some of the reasons for FGM/C documented by previous studies, noting that these reasons are strongly interconnected, and gender norms are the underlying driver. In all three settings, these reasons drive the alterations of female bodies to result in a ‘cultured’ body that is acceptable to the patriarchal status quo. This results in the ‘pure body’ in Indonesia, the ‘tame’ body in Ethiopia and the ‘adult body’ in Kenya. Health workers and parents play an important role in decision-making around FGM/C in all settings. In Kenya, in particular, young women negotiate their role in decision-making around FGM/C as they are older at the time of circumcision. The study reveals how the changing legal and social contexts in each setting bring about changes in the tradition of FGM/C resulting in medicalization of FGM/C in Indonesia, a lowered age of cutting for girls in Kenya and the increasingly underground practice of FGM/C in Ethiopia.Conclusions: The three cases demonstrate the huge variation in the practice of FGM/C and the social meaning attributed to it by young women and their communities. There is a need to further explore the role of parents in decision-making. Due to the links between the different drivers of FGM/C within each context, the study concludes that context-specific strategies need to be adopted by interventions to create long-lasting change.

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