scholarly journals Is this love? Sex differences in dog-owner attachment behavior suggest similarities with adult human bonds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biagio D’Aniello ◽  
Anna Scandurra ◽  
Claudia Pinelli ◽  
Lieta Marinelli ◽  
Paolo Mongillo
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Romantic Attachment ◽  
Strange Situation ◽  
Adult Human ◽  
Separation Distress ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Strange Situation Test

AbstractSex differences in the behavioral responses of Labrador Retriever dogs in the Strange Situation Test were explored. Behaviors expressed by dogs during seven 3-min episodes were analyzed through a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The scores of factors obtained were analyzed with a Generalized Linear Mixed Model to reveal the effects of the dog’s sex and age and the owner’s sex. In Episode 1 (dog and owner) and 5 (dog alone), the PCA identified three and two factors, respectively, which overall explained 68.7% and 59.8% of the variance, with no effect of sex. In Episodes 2 (dog, owner, and stranger), 3 and 6 (dog and stranger), and 4 and 7 (dog and owner), the PCA identified four factors, which overall explained 51.0% of the variance. Effects of sex were found on: Factor 1 (distress), with lower scores obtained by females in Episode 2 and higher in Episode 3; Factor 2 (sociability), which was overall higher in females; Factor 3 (separation-distress), with females, but not males, obtaining higher scores when left with the stranger than when with the owner. Therefore, females were overall more social but seemed more affected than males by the owner’s absence. Parallels can be traced between our results and sex differences found in adult human romantic attachment, suggesting that the dog-owner bond has characteristics that are not found in the infant-mother relationship.

scholarly journals Stability of Rice Mutant Lines By Linear Mixed Model And Suggestion A New Index Based For Yield Performance And Stability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyman Sharifi ◽  
Ali Akbar Ebadi ◽  
Mohammad Taher Hallajian
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Fars Province ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Rice Mutant ◽  
Superior Genotypes ◽  
Mutant Lines

Abstract Fourteen rice mutant lines with four cultivars were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in three locations in Iran (Rasht, ChaparSar and Fars province) during two growing seasons (2014-2016). In addition, a new index namely as equivalent index of stability and performance (EISP) is suggested for simultaneous evaluation of yield performance and stability. The heat map of yield performance and WAASB (weighted average of absolute scores based on BLUP (best linear unbiased prediction)) identified G3, G9, G6, G12 and G5 as highly productive and stable genotypes. Based on the analysis by multi-trait stability index (MTSI) G7, G5 and G1 were selected as superior genotypes. The top five superior genotypes based on harmonic mean and of the relative performance of genotypic values (HMRPGV) were G5, G12, G7, G2 and G1. For verification of EISP, its value was calculated for some of multi and univariate stability indices and identified genotypes G5 and G12 as the best ones. Principal component analysis indicated yield positively correlated with HMGV, RPGV, HMRPGV, EIS2P EIbP and EIPiP. In conclusion, G12, G5 and G9 had a significant advantage over all genotypes and could undergo selection or cultivar introduction processes.

scholarly journals I want to move my body - right now! The CRAVE Scale to measure state motivation for physical activity and sedentary behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen ◽  
Miguel Blacutt ◽  
Todd A. Gilson ◽  
Phil Stanforth ◽  
Amanda L. Divin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Sedentary Behaviors ◽  
Physical Fatigue ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Energy expenditure undulates throughout the day and likely motivation for it. The aim of this investigation was to create a short assessment (CRAVE) to measure transient wants or desires for physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Five studies were conducted to construct and validate the scale, with 1035 subjects completing the scale a total of 1,697 times. In Study 1, participants (n= 402, M_age = 20.9 +/- 3.2) completed a questionnaire inquiring about the 'want' or 'desire' to perform behaviors 'at the present moment'. Seven items related to physical activity (e.g., move my body). Eight items addressed sedentary behaviors (e.g., rest my body). Exploratory factor analysis revealed that 13 items should be retained, loading onto two factors (rest, move). In Study 2 (n= 444, M_age = 20.3 +/- 2.9) a confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good fit for the model (CFI=.99, RMSEA=.049). Items loaded strongly onto two latent factors (>.7). Rest/move were inversely related for both sets of factor analyses (-.75 for both). In Study 3, 127 participants (M_age= 28.1 +/- 7.9) completed the CRAVE up to 10 times over a 2-year period. Cronbach alphas were high (>.86). A linear mixed model revealed that test-retest reliability was stronger when the CRAVE was administered twice on the same day (>.73) than compared to retest over 6-month intervals (>.37). In Study 4, a maximal treadmill test was completed by 21 participants (M_age = 20.5 +/- 1.4). The CRAVE was completed immediately pre and post, along with other surveys for perceived physical fatigue. Desire to move decreased 35% and rest increased 61%. Changes in perceived physical fatigue correlated with move (r= -.52) and rest (r= .53). In Study 5, 41 university students (M_age = 22.5 +/- 5.1) sat quietly during a 50-minute lecture. They completed the CRAVE at 3 times points along with the Activation/Deactivation Checklist. Desire to move increased 15% while rest decreased 15%. Perceived energy, but not tension, was related to both move (r= .38) and rest (r= -.38). In conclusion, the CRAVE scale has good psychometric properties. Future studies need to explore how desires to move and rest relate to dynamic changes in physical activity and sedentarism.

scholarly journals Background ozone over Canada and the United States

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 21111-21164 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Chan ◽  
R. J. Vet
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Background Ozone ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Decadal Scale

Abstract. Planetary boundary layer (PBL) ozone temporal variations were investigated on diurnal, seasonal and decadal scales in various regions across Canada and the United States for the period 1997–2006. Background ozone is difficult to quantify and define through observations. In light of the importance of its estimates for achievable policy targets, evaluation of health impacts and relationship with climate, background ozone mixing ratios were estimated. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) were performed using 97 non-urban ozone sites for each season to define contiguous regions. Backward air parcel trajectories were used to systematically select the cleanest background air cluster associated with the lowest May–September 95th percentile for each site. Decadal ozone trends were estimated by season for each PCA-derived region using a~generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). Background ozone mixing ratios were variable geographically and seasonally. For example, the mixing ratios annually ranged from 21 to 38, and 23 to 38 ppb for the continental Eastern Canada and Eastern US. The Pacific and Atlantic coastal regions typically had relatively low background levels ranging from 14 to 24, and 17 to 36 ppb, respectively. On the decadal scale, the direction and magnitude of trends are different in all seasons across the regions (−1.56 to +0.93 ppb/a). Trends increased in the Pacific region for all seasons. Background ozone decadal changes are shown to be masked by the much stronger regional signals in areas that have seen substantial reductions of ozone precursors since the early 2000s.

scholarly journals Testing for genetic associations in arbitrarily structured populations

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minsun Song ◽  
Wei Hao ◽  
John D. Storey
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Genetic Associations

We present a new statistical test of association between a trait and genetic markers, which we theoretically and practically prove to be robust to arbitrarily complex population structure. The statistical test involves a set of parameters that can be directly estimated from large-scale genotyping data, such as that measured in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We also derive a new set of methodologies, called a genotype-conditional association test (GCAT), shown to provide accurate association tests in populations with complex structures, manifested in both the genetic and environmental contributions to the trait. We demonstrate the proposed method on a large simulation study and on the Northern Finland Birth Cohort study. In the Finland study, we identify several new significant loci that other methods do not detect. Our proposed framework provides a substantially different approach to the problem from existing methods, such as the linear mixed model and principal component approaches.

Preliminary Evaluation of a Prolonged Grief Questionnaire for Adolescents

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Unterhitzenberger ◽  
Rita Rosner
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Prolonged Grief ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Parentally Bereaved ◽  
Separation Distress ◽  
Two Factors

Currently, there is no established measure to assess prolonged grief in adolescents. A new measure was designed based on the Extended Grief Inventory, the Inventory of Complicated Grief—Revised for Children, and the Inventory of Prolonged Grief for Children/Adolescents. We investigated the psychometric properties of the Prolonged Grief Questionnaire for Adolescents in a sample of 69 14- to 18-year-old parentally bereaved adolescents living in rural Rwanda. Additionally, we obtained sociodemographic information and assessed loss experiences and depressive symptoms. A principal component analysis revealed item loadings on two factors, which we named separation distress and secondary emotions. Internal consistency in this first evaluation was high (α = .94), and the criterion validity was satisfying. A sensitivity of 85.3% and a specificity of 85.9% were found. The small sample size is a major limitation. However, the Prolonged Grief Questionnaire for Adolescents may be a promising tool for assessing prolonged grief symptoms in adolescents.

Accessing the natural variation of the abundances of major lignans in the heartwood of Taiwania cryptomerioides by 1H-NMR and LC-MS profiling

Holzforschung ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 423-434
Author(s):  
Nai-Wen Tsao ◽  
Shin-Hung Pan ◽  
Jeng-Der Chung ◽  
Yueh-Hsiung Kuo ◽  
Sheng-Yang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Taiwania Cryptomerioides

Abstract Lignans are major bioactive secondary metabolites, which are also formed in the heartwood (hW) of Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides). Their biosynthesis pathways are complex and involve many enzymes and intermediates. To evaluate the extent of the genetic components leading to the variety of lignans in Taiwania hW, 35 Taiwania genotypes of four provenances were surveyed using the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses. The metabolite profiles were statistically evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and the general linear model (GLM). The broad-sense heritability (H2) was further evaluated by linear mixed model (LMM) analysis. It was demonstrated that the genetic factor is the major contributor to the abundance of lignans, though the environmental factor also has some effect on it. Among the metabolites detected by 1H-NMR, lignans were the major compounds that exhibited high a H2 (0.52–0.82), which was further verified by LC-MS. The conclusion is that 1H-NMR spectroscopy is suitable for quick screenings, predictions and semi-quantitation of lignans. The high H2 is also indicative of the lignan abundances as traits that can be genetically modified to achieve a significant wood quality improvement.

Effects of an Anxiety-Specific Psychometric Factor on Fear Conditioning and Fear Generalization

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Baumann ◽  
Miriam A. Schiele ◽  
Martin J. Herrmann ◽  
Tina B. Lonsdorf ◽  
Peter Zwanzger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
High Anxious ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Fear Generalization

Abstract. Conditioning and generalization of fear are assumed to play central roles in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Here we investigate the influence of a psychometric anxiety-specific factor on these two processes, thus try to identify a potential risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders. To this end, 126 healthy participants were examined with questionnaires assessing symptoms of anxiety and depression and with a fear conditioning and generalization paradigm. A principal component analysis of the questionnaire data identified two factors representing the constructs anxiety and depression. Variations in fear conditioning and fear generalization were solely associated with the anxiety factor characterized by anxiety sensitivity and agoraphobic cognitions; high-anxious individuals exhibited stronger fear responses (arousal) during conditioning and stronger generalization effects for valence and UCS-expectancy ratings. Thus, the revealed psychometric factor “anxiety” was associated with enhanced fear generalization, an assumed risk factor for anxiety disorders. These results ask for replication with a longitudinal design allowing to examine their predictive validity.

Analyzing discontinuities in longitudinal count data: A multilevel generalized linear mixed model.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Peugh ◽  
Sarah J. Beal ◽  
Meghan E. McGrady ◽  
Michael D. Toland ◽  
Constance Mara
Keyword(s):  
Count Data ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Longitudinal Count Data

Predicting bycatch hotspots based on suitable habitat derived from fishery-independent data

2020 ◽  
Vol 641 ◽  
pp. 159-175
Author(s):  
J Runnebaum ◽  
KR Tanaka ◽  
L Guan ◽  
J Cao ◽  
L O’Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
American Lobster ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Suitability Index

Bycatch remains a global problem in managing sustainable fisheries. A critical aspect of management is understanding the timing and spatial extent of bycatch. Fisheries management often relies on observed bycatch data, which are not always available due to a lack of reporting or observer coverage. Alternatively, analyzing the overlap in suitable habitat for the target and non-target species can provide a spatial management tool to understand where bycatch interactions are likely to occur. Potential bycatch hotspots based on suitable habitat were predicted for cusk Brosme brosme incidentally caught in the Gulf of Maine American lobster Homarus americanus fishery. Data from multiple fisheries-independent surveys were combined in a delta-generalized linear mixed model to generate spatially explicit density estimates for use in an independent habitat suitability index. The habitat suitability indices for American lobster and cusk were then compared to predict potential bycatch hotspot locations. Suitable habitat for American lobster has increased between 1980 and 2013 while suitable habitat for cusk decreased throughout most of the Gulf of Maine, except for Georges Basin and the Great South Channel. The proportion of overlap in suitable habitat varied interannually but decreased slightly in the spring and remained relatively stable in the fall over the time series. As Gulf of Maine temperatures continue to increase, the interactions between American lobster and cusk are predicted to decline as cusk habitat continues to constrict. This framework can contribute to fisheries managers’ understanding of changes in habitat overlap as climate conditions continue to change and alter where bycatch interactions could occur.

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