scholarly journals National and subnational outcomes of waste management policies for 1718 municipalities in Japan: development of a bottom-up waste flow model and its application to a declining population through 2030

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rokuta Inaba ◽  
Tomohiro Tasaki ◽  
Kosuke Kawai ◽  
Shotaro Nakanishi ◽  
Yusuke Yokoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Recycling Rate ◽  
Additional Measure ◽  
Municipal Policies ◽  
National Output ◽  
Waste Flow ◽  
Business As Usual

AbstractJapan has been promoting 3R (reduce, reuse, and recycle) policies for several decades, but the recycling rate of the whole country has leveled off, and more effective policies are needed. At the same time, municipalities have been implementing measures for municipal waste management considering their specific regional conditions, but the relationship between the municipalities’ policy inputs and national policy output is unclear, which causes difficulties in setting national targets and identifying effective policies. We, therefore, developed the Municipal Input and National Output Waste (MINOWA) model, which represents the municipal waste flows of all 1718 municipalities in Japan. The model enables users to establish various 3R measures at the municipal level and estimate their effects at the national level. Using the model, we estimated the flows under business-as-usual (BaU) and additional-measure scenarios that extended the use of conventional policies to 2030. The results revealed differences in the policy effects between areas with different populations. In addition, the results showed that the extension of conventional measures will be insufficient to achieve national goals. The developed model links municipal policies, regional characteristics, and national policy and goal-setting in an integrated framework, and supports ways to find more effective policies.

scholarly journals Assessment of COVID-19 Waste Flows During the Emergency State in Romania and Related Public Health and Environmental Concerns

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 5439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florin-Constantin Mihai
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
National Level ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Municipal Waste Management ◽  
Infectious Waste ◽  
Waste Flow

This paper provides a rapid assessment method of potentially infectious waste flow related to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in Romania focusing on the emergency state (from 16 March to 14 May 2020) where a national lockdown was in force with restrictive and social distancing measures concerning population mobility and economic activities. Medical and municipal waste management systems are critical services in combating the virus spread in the community. This assessment is useful due to poor available data of medical waste flow in environmental reports and it covers COVID-19 patients, quarantined, and self-isolated persons as the main potential infectious waste sources. The proposed model estimates that COVID-19 related waste flow is 4312 t at the national level from 25 February to 15 June of which 2633 t in the emergency state period. This assessment is correlated with deficiencies of medical and municipal waste management systems in Romania before the COVID-19 pandemic as stress factors of public health and environment. This study points out the main challenges of waste operators and reveals some best practices during this pandemic crisis. Based on the results and discussion section, several recommendations are proposed to COVID-19 waste-related issues and points out the crucial role of the reliable medical and municipal waste database in managing such biologic hazards at national and EU levels. Monitoring of COVID-19 waste flow through such models are important for decision-makers, particularly in low and middle-income countries which are facing waste management deficiencies and gaps in waste statistics, to reduce other contamination risks or related environmental threats.

scholarly journals The objectives and legal instruments of Municipal Waste Management in the Slovak Republic

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Martin Dufala
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Recycling Rate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Municipal Waste Management ◽  
Per Capita

In particular, two types of data are important for assessing the state of waste management in each Member State of the European Union — first, the amount of the waste generated per capita annually and waste recovery rate, second, the rate of waste disposal in accordance with the waste hierarchy. The latest available statistics on the amount of waste generated per capita are for 2018. While the European Union average is 492 kg of municipal waste produced per capita for 2018, the Slovak Republic’s waste production is slightly less than that, with an average of 414 kg of municipal waste produced per capita for 2018. On the other hand, Denmark with 766 kg of municipal waste produced per capita annually is at the bottom of the European Union ranking. The Czech Republic with 351 kg and Poland with 329 kg of municipal waste produced per capita on the average annually for the same period are in better position than Slovak Republic. Another important data for the evaluation of the state of municipal waste management is the rate of recovery of municipal waste, alternatively — the municipal waste recycling rate. Within this scope, the Slovak Republic performs considerably worse, both regarding the waste management objectives and in comparison with the European Union average, or in comparison with remaining Member States. While the average recycling rate of municipal waste in the European Union was 47.0% in 2018, the Slovak Republic recycled only 36.3% of municipal waste in 2018. The situation within this scope in the Czech Republic/Czechia (34.5%) and Poland (34.3%) were similar. Germany achieved the highest municipal waste recycling rate in 2018, up to 67.3%. Directly related to the rate of the municipal waste recovery is the high rate of waste disposal, especially in the form of landfill, which was in the Slovak Republic in 2018 amounted to 55.0%. Despite the high rate of landfill, we can speak of a reduction in the landfill rate of municipal waste compared to previous years. From the foregoing data of selected indicators of the average recycling rate of municipal waste, it can be deduced that the system of municipal waste management in the Slovak Republic is obviously flawed, in as much as municipal waste management lacks long-term management in accordance with the waste hierarchy. The said deficiency may result either from insufficient legislation pertaining to this area or failure in terms of its enforcement. 

scholarly journals MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ROMANIA IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EU. A STAKEHOLDERS’ PERSPECTIVE

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 850-876
Author(s):  
Carmen Nastase ◽  
Carmen Emilia Chașovschi ◽  
Mihaela State ◽  
Adrian-Liviu Scutariu
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Recycling Rate ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Waste Management System ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
The Eu

The European waste policy is focused on reducing the negative impact of waste, eliminating the unhealthy use of resources, and on better waste management. The aim of this paper is to analyse Romania’s waste management practices in the EU context. The research methodology is based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis. The descriptive data analysis reveals significant differences among EU countries in terms of the municipal waste generated and the recycling rate. The municipal waste generated registers decrease, whereas there are significant increases in terms of the recycling rates in the EU countries. The qualitative research is based on the analysis of structured interviews among stakeholders, relevant for the waste management in Romania. The information obtained based on interviews was processed using NVivo and the main findings are focused on recommendations for improving the waste management system. We have identified a lack of adequate public support in the waste field due to insufficient awareness programs, lack of operator’s obligation for separate waste sanitation, people's discouragement to separate their household waste, and lack of bins to separate collection. The correction of identified weaknesses could lead to an improved waste management system, feasible only through an active involvement of stakeholders

scholarly journals Assessment of the Fragility of the Municipal Waste Sector in Serbia Using System Dynamics Modelling

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 862
Author(s):  
Miloš Jovičić ◽  
Goran B. Bošković ◽  
Nebojša Jovičić ◽  
Marija Savković ◽  
Ivan Mačužić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Recycling Rate ◽  
Current Form ◽  
System Dynamics Modelling ◽  
Dynamics Modelling ◽  
Waste Sector

This research develops a novel methodology for municipal waste management in Serbia, based on system dynamics modelling. The methodology shows how a country and relevant institutions should address complexities in the waste management sector. Waste management is a critical issue globally, which heavily impacts the economic development of a country, including the general quality of life within a society. The designed simulation generates different scenarios of the Serbian municipal waste system for reaching the 2035 recycling rate targets. Methodologies such as the theory of constraints, fragility analysis, and systems dynamics were implemented in the model. The scenarios and fragility modelling were conducted with the system dynamics modelling methodology in the Ventity simulation environment. The designed model has elements of discrete event simulations, system dynamics, and agent-based modelling. Importantly, real-world data for the period of five years (from the year 2016 to 2020) was used in the case study. This research undoubtedly reveals that the informal sector is the key source of fragility to the dynamic system considered. During the considered period, the informal sector contributed 62.3% of all separated waste to the system. Consequently, this research concludes that for the waste sector in Serbia to reach the 2035 EU goals, the existing practice in waste management has to be changed significantly and will benefit from the modelling approach used here. The whole system is highly dependent on the informal sector, which, in its current form, is volatile, unregulated, and fragile to aggressive regulative policies.

scholarly journals Możliwości wykorzystania odpadów jako surowców energetycznych w Polsce

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-132
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Biernat ◽  
Paulina Luiza Dziołak ◽  
Izabela Samson-Bręk
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
National Level ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Waste Recovery ◽  
Municipal Waste Management ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Decisive Action ◽  
State Of Affairs

Status of municipal waste management in Poland requires decisive action in this regard. At present only a small percentage of wastes are utilized. In this state of affairs affects the low environmental awareness, lack of waste management plans in the municipalities, as well as the lack of installations for waste recovery and disposal. This article presents the most important legislation both at the European and national level on waste management. Discusses the prospects for the energy use of waste particularly with firing and co-firing waste technology with heat recovery at the same time.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Changes in the Economy of Municipal Waste in Poland After 2004

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Zarębska ◽  
Iwona Żabińska ◽  
Helena Cierna ◽  
Erika Sujova
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Thermal Transformation ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Recycling Rate ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Waste Storage ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Rational Management ◽  
Union Policy

Abstract The aim of European Union policy is to implement the principles of sustainable development, in which particularly important are: environmental protection and rational management of resources. Major role is given to waste management and appropriate prioritization of activities in this area. The main goal of waste management is prevention, minimization and elimination of wastes “at source”, as well as encouraging efficient use of natural resources through recovery and recycling of waste. Storage process should be minimalized over the years until the complete elimination. As shown by statistics data, unfortunately in Poland, the process is very slow. The analysis of the data provided by the Central Statistical Office (CSO) over the last thirteen years shows a significant increase in the level of recovery and recycling of municipal waste. All together it was 11.654 million Mg of municipal waste collected in 2016. Wastes selected from municipal waste (paper, glass, plastics, metals) accounted for only 25.2% (2.942 million Mg), and mixed waste accounted for 74.8% (8.712 million Mg). In 2016 the recycling rate was 27.83%, composting or fermentation – 16.22%, 19.44% of municipal wastes are subjected thermal transformation and the storage level is 36.51%. Landfilling is still the most common form of municipal waste disposal.

scholarly journals An Estimation of Actual Recycling and Final Disposal Rates of Municipal Solid Waste by Material Flow Analysis in Korea

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-Keun Oh ◽  
Ji-Yeon Kim ◽  
Yoon-A Cho ◽  
Ki-Heon Kim ◽  
Gil-Jong Oh
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Material Flow ◽  
National Level ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Material Flow Analysis ◽  
Recycling Rate ◽  
National Goal ◽  
Final Disposal

The recycling, incineration, and final disposal rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) are calculated based on the total amount of waste input to each facility in many countries. These statistic data have serious limitation in setting the national goal and policy for effective waste management because it is not considering the amount of foreign objectives in the process of each life-cycle stage. This case study is to estimate the actual rates of recycling, incineration, and final disposal by material flow analysis (MFA) after the collection of MSW in Korea. The actual rates of recycling, incineration and final disposal for MSW in 2016 were 49.9%, 32.9% and 23.1% respectively, indicating that the recycling rate was lower by 10.1%, while the incineration and final disposal rates were raised by 7.6% and 8.4% respectively, compared with the statistics for current MSW. In addition, the changed actual rates of recycling, incineration treatment, and final landfill, and variation of waste treatment charge according to treated amounts per treatment method was analyzed. This results of this study will contribute to establish national level of plan on effective waste management.

A Review of Medical Waste Management in South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaniyi FC ◽  
Ogola JS ◽  
Tshitangano TG
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
South African ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Medical Waste ◽  
African Government ◽  
The Past ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
Medical Waste Management

Background:Poor medical waste management has been implicated in an increase in the number of epidemics and waste-related diseases in the past years. South Africa is resource-constrained in the management of medical waste.Objectives:A review of studies regarding medical waste management in South Africa in the past decade was undertaken to explore the practices of medical waste management and the challenges being faced by stakeholders.Method:Published articles, South African government documents, reports of hospital surveys, unpublished theses and dissertations were consulted, analysed and synthesised. The studies employed quantitative, qualitative and mixed research methods and documented comparable results from all provinces.Results:The absence of a national policy to guide the medical waste management practice in the provinces was identified as the principal problem. Poor practices were reported across the country from the point of medical waste generation to disposal, as well as non-enforcement of guidelines in the provinces where they exit. The authorized disposal sites nationally are currently unable to cope with the enormous amount of the medical waste being generated and illegal dumping of the waste in unapproved sites have been reported. The challenges range from lack of adequate facilities for temporary storage of waste to final disposal.Conclusion:These challenges must be addressed and the practices corrected to forestall the adverse effects of poorly managed medical waste on the country. There is a need to develop a medical waste policy to assist in the management of such waste.

scholarly journals Situation, Challenges, and Solutions of Policy Implementation on Municipal Waste Management in Vietnam toward Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3517
Author(s):  
Lien Thi Kim Trinh ◽  
Allen H. Hu ◽  
Song Toan Pham Phu
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Management ◽  
Municipal Waste Management ◽  
Waste Management Policy

Municipal solid waste management is an environmental issue that has received considerable attention from researchers and environmental managers for decades. Supporting the management programs entail policies and regulations related to municipal solid waste. In developed countries, the implementation of environmental policies plays an important role and has a substantial impact on the effectiveness of solid waste management. However, in many developing countries such as Vietnam, the situation and effectiveness of the policy implementation have not been studied extensively. This investigation is conducted to ascertain the situation, limitations, and challenges in implementing solid waste management policy in Vietnam. Then, solutions for the problems and improvements for implementation efficiency are presented. This work used online questionnaires to survey environmental managers in different localities and applied qualitative research method to analyze data. The results show that not all national policies on solid waste management are implemented in all localities. Waste separation is also the foremost concern in municipal waste management in most localities of Vietnam. Most of the localities claimed that the unrealistic nature and difficult implementation of the policies and the lack of needed resources are the main limitations and challenges in Vietnam. Survey results also revealed that different localities in Vietnam have different solutions to increase policy implementation efficiency. Besides, the study also found similarities in the implementation of policies in solid waste management between Vietnam and some other countries and also gathered some valuable lessons for the improvement strategy. Finally, the implementation of an effective domestic solid waste management policy is an important platform for improving environmental quality and ensuring the sustainable development of the nation and mankind.

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