History of titanium dioxide regulation as a food additive: a review

Environmental and genetic factors have been demonstrated to contribute to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recent studies suggested that the food additive; titanium dioxide (TiO2) might play a causative role in the disease. Therefore, in the present study we aimed to explore the interaction between the food additive TiO2 and the well-characterized IBD risk gene protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (Ptpn2) and their role in the development of intestinal inflammation. Dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced acute colitis was performed in mice lacking the expression of Ptpn2 in myeloid cells (Ptpn2LysMCre) or their wild type littermates (Ptpn2fl/fl) and exposed to the microparticle TiO2. The impact of Ptpn2 on TiO2 signalling pathways and TiO2-induced IL-1β and IL-10 levels were studied using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Ptpn2LysMCre exposed to TiO2 exhibited more severe intestinal inflammation than their wild type counterparts. This effect was likely due to the impact of TiO2 on the differentiation of intestinal macrophages, suppressing the number of anti-inflammatory macrophages in Ptpn2 deficient mice. Moreover, we also found that TiO2 was able to induce the secretion of IL-1β via mitogen-activated proteins kinases (MAPKs) and to repress the expression of IL-10 in bone marrow-derived macrophages via MAPK-independent pathways. This is the first evidence of the cooperation between the genetic risk factor Ptpn2 and the environmental factor TiO2 in the regulation of intestinal inflammation. The results presented here suggest that the ingestion of certain industrial compounds should be taken into account, especially in individuals with increased genetic risk

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Effect of TiO2 on Selected Pathogenic and Opportunistic Intestinal Bacteria

Biological Trace Element Research ◽

10.1007/s12011-021-02843-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ewa Baranowska-Wójcik ◽

Dominik Szwajgier ◽

Klaudia Gustaw

Keyword(s):

Titanium Dioxide ◽

Bacterial Strain ◽

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Food Additive ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽

Food Grade ◽

The Eu

AbstractFood-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2) containing a nanoparticle fraction (TiO2 NPs-nanoparticles) is widely used as a food additive (E171 in the EU). In recent years, questions concerning its effect on the gastrointestinal microbiota have been raised. In the present study, we examined interactions between bacteria and TiO2. The study involved six pathogenic/opportunistic bacterial strains and four different-sized TiO2 types: three types of food-grade E171 compounds and TiO2 NPs (21 nm). Each bacterial strain was exposed to four concentrations of TiO2 (60, 150, 300, and 600 mg/L TiO2). The differences in the growth of the analyzed strains, caused by the type and concentration of TiO2, were observed. The growth of a majority of the strains was shown to be inhibited after exposure to 300 and 600 mg/L of the food-grade E171 and TiO2 NPs.

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The combined effect of food additive titanium dioxide and lipopolysaccharide on mouse intestinal barrier function after chronic exposure of titanium dioxide-contained feedstuffs

Particle and Fibre Toxicology ◽

10.1186/s12989-021-00399-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yongliang Zhang ◽

Shumin Duan ◽

Ying Liu ◽

Yun Wang

Keyword(s):

Titanium Dioxide ◽

Intestinal Permeability ◽

Barrier Function ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Food Additive ◽

Combined Effect ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Barrier Functions ◽

Intestinal Villi

Abstract Objective Up to 44% of particulates of food-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2) are in nanoscale, while the effect and combined effect of which with other substances on intestinal barrier haven’t been fully understood yet. This study is aimed to study the effect of two kinds of TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs and TiO2 MPs) on intestinal barrier functions, to reveal the combined effect of TiO2 NPs and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on intestinal barrier. Methods Male ICR mice were randomly divided into 18 groups (3 feed types * 3 exposure length * 2 LPS dosage) and were fed with normal or TiO2-mixed feed (containing 1% (mass fraction, w/w) TiO2 NPs or TiO2 MPs) for 1, 3, 6 months, followed by a single oral administration of 0 or 10 mg/(kg body weight) LPS. Four hours later, the transportation of TiO2, the intestinal barrier functions and the inflammatory response were evaluated. Results Both TiO2 notably increased the intestinal villi height / crypt depth ratios after 1 and 3 months of exposure, and increased the expression of ileal tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) after 1 month of exposure. After 6 months of exposure, TiO2 NPs led to reduced feed consumption, TiO2 MPs caused spare microvilli in small intestine and elevated Ti content in the blood cells. The intestinal permeability didn’t change in both TiO2 exposed groups. After LPS administration, we observed altered intestinal villi height / crypt depth ratios, lowered intestinal permeability (DAO) and upregulated expression of ileal ZO-1 in both (TiO2 +LPS) exposed groups. There are no significant changes of ileal or serum cytokines except for a higher serum TNF-α level in LPS treated group. The antagonistic effect was found between TiO2 NPs and LPS, but there are complicated interactions between TiO2 MPs and LPS. Conclusion Long-term intake of food additive TiO2 could alter the intestinal epithelial structure without influencing intestinal barrier function. Co-exposure of TiO2 and LPS would enhance intestinal barrier function without causing notable inflammatory responses, and there is antagonistic effect between TiO2 NPs and LPS. All the minor effects observed might associate with the gentle exposure method where TiO2 being ingested with feed.

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DOP53 PTPN2 and TiO2 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease

Journal of Crohn s and Colitis ◽

10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz203.092 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S092-S092

Author(s):

J Conde ◽

M Schwarzfischer ◽

E Katkeviciute ◽

J Häfliger ◽

A Niechcial ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Flow Cytometry ◽

Titanium Dioxide ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Myeloid Cells ◽

Food Additive ◽

Inflammasome Activation ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is caused by a complex interaction among genetic, immunological, bacterial and environmental factors. In this scenario, protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type-2 (PTPN2) has been recognised as a risk factor for the development of IBD and functional studies revealed a major role for this protein in the development of experimental colitis through the regulation of the inflammasome, among other processes. In the same way, a potential relationship between diet components and IBD was suggested. In fact, it was reported that the food additive titanium dioxide (TiO2) was able to induce inflammasome activation in vitro and increase colitis severity in vivo. These observations led us to hypothesise a putative relationship between PTPN2 and TiO2 that could explain the effects of this microparticle in the pathogenesis of bowel inflammation. Methods DSS colitis model was performed in mice lacking PTPN2 in myeloid cells and their wild-type littermates, treated or not with titanium dioxide. After that, histology studies, flow cytometry, expression analysis, ELISA and barrier function experiments were performed. Also, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were used for in vitro studies. Results Titanium dioxide was able to exacerbate DSS-induced colitis, especially in mice lacking PTPN2 in myeloid cells. Flow cytometry analysis of the lamina propria revealed significant changes in different immune cell populations such as macrophages. In vitro experiments using BMDMs revealed that TiO2 induced the activation of the inflammasome. Also, this microparticle down-regulated the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and these effects were mainly mediated by JNK and ERK kinases. Conclusions The food additive titanium dioxide seems to play a negative role in colitis development by affecting the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in macrophages. This study reveals a new mechanism by which a certain component of the diet modulates intestinal inflammation.

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Charge-switchable magnetic separation and characterization of food additive titanium dioxide nanoparticles from commercial food

Journal of Hazardous Materials ◽

10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122483 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 393 ◽

pp. 122483 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ke Luo ◽

Hyein Park ◽

Hazzel Joy Adra ◽

Jian Ryu ◽

Jun-Hee Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Titanium Dioxide ◽

Magnetic Separation ◽

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles ◽

Food Additive

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Evaluation of Nail Findings in Patients with COVID-19 History and Wood’s Lamp Examination

Skin Appendage Disorders ◽

10.1159/000518983 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Irem Yanatma ◽

Hulya Cenk

Keyword(s):

Titanium Dioxide ◽

Ferric Oxide ◽

Case Reports ◽

Treatment Options ◽

History Of ◽

Day By Day ◽

Shed Light

Introduction: Various skin findings due to coronavirus have been identified. There are a few case reports on nail findings after coronavirus (COVID-19) infection. We aimed to document the nail findings of the COVID-19 survivors and shed light on the interesting luminescence seen under the Wood’s light. Methods: One hundred and seventy-four patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection in the last 100 days were grouped in terms of the agents used in the treatment. Fifty-seven volunteers without a history of infection were included. Results: Patients treated with favipiravir had a significantly higher positivity of luminescence (p: 0.0001). The most common nail findings in patients were splinter hemorrhage (13%), followed by leukonychia (12%) and longitudinal ridges (7.9%). Discussion/Conclusions: The luminescence may be seen due to the accumulation of favipiravir or its excipients (titanium dioxide and yellow ferric oxide) on the nails. Wood’s lamp examination of the plasma taken from a patient after favipiravir’s first dose revealed the same luminescence as we saw on the nails. Accordingly, this accumulation may be seen in the vital organs. Although our knowledge about the virus increases day by day, the potentially hazardous effects of the virus and long-term complications of the treatment options are still being investigated.

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Use of Food Additive Titanium Dioxide (E171) before the Introduction of Regulatory Restrictions Due to Concern for Genotoxicity

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10081910 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1910

Author(s):

Urška Blaznik ◽

Sanja Krušič ◽

Maša Hribar ◽

Anita Kušar ◽

Katja Žmitek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Titanium Dioxide ◽

Market Share ◽

Food Additives ◽

Food Additive ◽

Chewing Gum ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chewing Gums ◽

Scientific Opinion ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Safe Food

Food-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2; E171) is a coloring food additive. In May 2021, a scientific opinion was published by the European Food Safety Authority concluding that TiO2 can no longer be considered as a safe food additive. Our aim was to investigate the trends in the use of TiO2 in the food supply. A case study was conducted in Slovenia using two nationally representative cross-sectional datasets of branded foods. Analysis was performed on N = 12,644 foods (6012 and 6632 in 2017 and 2020, respectively) from 15 food subcategories where TiO2 was found as a food additive. A significant decrease was observed in the use of TiO2 (3.6% vs. 1.8%; p < 0.01). TiO2 was most often used in the chewing gum category (36.3%) in 2017, and chocolate and sweets category (45.9%) in 2020. Meanwhile, in 2017, the largest share of TiO2-containing foods was observed in the chewing gum category, namely, 70.3%, and these products presented over 85% of the market share. In 2020, only 24.6% of chewing gums contained TiO2, which accounted for only 3% of the market share. In conclusion, we showed an overall decrease in TiO2 use, even though it has not yet been officially removed from the list of authorized food additives.

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Impact of the Food Additive Titanium Dioxide (E171) on Gut Microbiota-Host Interaction

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2019.00057 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Gabriela Pinget ◽

Jian Tan ◽

Bartlomiej Janac ◽

Nadeem O. Kaakoush ◽

Alexandra Sophie Angelatos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Titanium Dioxide ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Food Additive ◽

Host Interaction

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Recent Development of Nano Titanium Dioxide to Be Used in the Field of Building Materials

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.1926 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1065-1069 ◽

pp. 1926-1929

Author(s):

Yu Hao Zhan ◽

Xiao Hua Yu

Keyword(s):

Titanium Dioxide ◽

Building Materials ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Photocatalytic Properties ◽

Functional Coatings ◽

History Of ◽

Medical Materials ◽

Self Cleaning ◽

Photocatalytic Concrete ◽

Nano Titanium Dioxide

In recent years, the photocatalytic properties of nano TiO2(nanotitanium dioxide) is one of today’s hottest issues of environmentally friendly materials, medical materials and building materials fields. In this paper, we present the latest research on nanotitanium dioxide to be used in the field of building materials. Based on the history of the photocatalytic properties of nanotitanium dioxide, the application of nanotitanium dioxide in photocatalytic concrete, photocatalytic ceramics, functional coatings and materials in the field of self-cleaning glass has been analyzed. Finally, further research will focus on nanotitanium dioxide used in the field of building materials.

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