scholarly journals Impacts of wood extraction on soil: assessing rutting and soil compaction caused by skidding and forwarding by means of traditional and innovative methods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Marra ◽  
Andrea Laschi ◽  
Fabio Fabiano ◽  
Cristiano Foderi ◽  
Francesco Neri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Wood Extraction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Close Range

AbstractIntensive forestry operations may cause soil compaction, plastic soil disturbances and rutting, which are responsible for undesirable effects on soils, vegetation and water bodies. Despite the numerous studies aimed to identify the main factors affecting soil damages, it still remains unclear whether wood extraction methods and driving direction (uphill or downhill) may affect the impacts of forest machines. This research analyses soil compaction and soil penetration resistance as well as rutting from forwarding and skidding using the same farm tractor in up- and downhill wood extraction. Rutting was estimated by 3D soil reconstruction derived by portable laser scanning (PLS) and close-range photogrammetry using structure for motion (SfM). Our findings showed that the direction of extraction did not affect soil damage severity during forwarding on a 25% slope. On the contrary, in order to reduce soil compaction, downhill skidding is preferable to uphill skidding. The results showed that the pressure on the ground caused by vehicles can be distributed horizontally, thus affecting also the soil between the wheel tracks. The soil bulk density inside the tracks after 10 forwarding passes increased by 40% and with 23% between the wheel tracks. The soil displacement in skidding trails (7.36 m3 per 100 m of trail) was significantly higher than in forwarding (1.68 m3 per 100 m of trail). The rutting estimation showed no significant difference between the PLS and SfM methods, even comparing the two digital surface models (DSMs) obtained, even if photogrammetry was preferred for technical and practical reasons.

Forest ecosystem responses to artificially induced soil compaction. I. Soil physical properties and tree diameter growth

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 750-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Donnelly ◽  
John B. Shane
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Ecosystem Responses ◽  
Resistance Surface ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Induced Changes

Soil and vegetation responses to artificially imposed surface compaction and the effects of bark mulch on these responses were monitored for a 5-year period within a Quercusalba L. – Quercusvelutina Lam. – Quercusrubra L. forest growing on a loamy sand in northwestern Vermont. Compaction resulted in significant changes in vegetation and soil physical properties. Soil bulk density, soil penetration resistance, surface soil moisture, and soil temperature increased following compaction; infiltration capacity and the radial growth of Acerrubrum L. and Q. velutina decreased. Application of bark mulch prior to compaction tended to reduce compaction effects. Postcompaction additions of bark mulch did not result in noticeable amelioration of compaction-induced changes 2 years after application.

Soil compaction under varying rest periods and levels of mechanical disturbance in a rotational grazing system

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 957-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Halde ◽  
A. M. Hammermeister ◽  
N. L. Mclean ◽  
K. T. Webb ◽  
R. C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Intensive Treatment ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Grazing System

Halde, C., Hammermeister, A. M., McLean, N. L., Webb, K. T. and Martin, R. C. 2011. Soil compaction under varying rest periods and levels of mechanical disturbance in a rotational grazing system. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 957–964. In Atlantic Canada, data are limited regarding the effect of grazing systems on soil compaction. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of intensive and extensive rotational pasture management treatments on soil bulk density, soil penetration resistance, forage productivity and litter accumulation. The study was conducted on a fine sandy loam pasture in Truro, Nova Scotia. Each of the eight paddocks was divided into three rotational pasture management treatments: intensive, semi-intensive and extensive. Mowing and clipping were more frequent in the intensive than in the semi-intensive treatment. In the extensive treatment, by virtue of grazing in alternate rotations, the rest period was doubled than that of the intensive and semi-intensive treatments. Both soil bulk density (0–5 cm) and penetration resistance (0–25.5 cm) were significantly higher in the intensive treatment than in the extensive treatment, for all seasons. Over winter, bulk density decreased significantly by 6.8 and 3.8% at 0–5 and 5–10 cm, respectively. A decrease ranging between 40.5 and 4.0% was observed for soil penetration resistance over winter, at 0–1.5 cm and 24.0–25.5 cm, respectively. The intensive and semi-intensive treatments produced significantly more available forage for grazers annually than the extensive treatment. Forage yields in late May to early June were negatively correlated with spring bulk density.

scholarly journals Soil compaction caused by 450C Timber Jack wheeled skidder (Shefarood forest, northern Iran)

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 314-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Naghdi ◽  
I. Bagheri ◽  
M. Akef ◽  
A. Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Number Of Passes

In forest harvesting operations usually after using skidding machinery (skidders), traces of soil damage in the form of soil compaction and wheel and logs ruts can be seen in the forest soil. Soil bulk density, which represents soil compaction, decreases soil porosity, infiltration rate and aeration and these in turn increase runoff and water erosion in the harvested area. On the other hand, a decrease in soil aeration prevents root growth and decreases the vegetative cover. In this study the changes in soil bulk density and relative soil compaction due to a different number of wheeled skidder passes from stump to landing for two soil types (clay soil with high and low liquid limits, CH, CL) are analyzed. The results showed that the effect of skidder traffic on an increase in soil bulk density at sample locations was significant (α = 0.05). The range of soil bulk density increases in sample pits due to a different number of machinery passes was from 15.8% to 62.6% compared to the control area. The findings of this research showed that the interaction effect of skidder traffic and soil type on soil bulk density changes was not significant. Also the highest significant increase in soil bulk density occurred at the first 11 passes in skidding trails and from this number of passes onwards there was no significant difference in the soil bulk density increase in sample locations.

scholarly journals Soil penetration resistance in a rhodic eutrudox affected by machinery traffic and soil water content

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 748-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moacir T. de Moraes ◽  
Henrique Debiasi ◽  
Julio C. Franchini ◽  
Vanderlei R. da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Front Axle ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance

Soil compaction caused by machinery traffic reduces crop yields. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of intensive traffic, and the soil water content, on the soil penetration resistance (PR) of a Rhodic Eutrudox (Distroferric Red Latosol, Brazilian Classification), managed under no-tillage (NT). The experiment consisted of six treatments: NT with recent chiseling, NT without additional compaction, and NT with additional compaction by 4, 8, 10 and 20 passes of a harvester with a weight of 100 kN (70 kN on the front axle). Undisturbed soil samples were collected at 5.5-10.5 cm and 13.5-18.5 cm depth to quantify the soil bulk density (BD). The PR was assessed in four periods, using an impact penetrometer, inserted in the soil to a depth of 46 cm. The effect of traffic intensities on the PR was small when this variable was assessed with the soil in the plastic consistency. Differences in PR among treatments increased as the soil water content decreased. The increase in the values of PR and BD was higher in the first passes, but the increase in the number of traffics resulted in deeper soil compaction. The machinery traffic effects on PR are better characterized in the friable soil consistency.

scholarly journals COMPACTAÇÃO DE UM LATOSSOLO SUBMETIDO AO TRÁFEGO DE SKIDDER COM DIFERENTES RODADOS

FLORESTA ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Da Silva Lopes ◽  
Jean Alberto Sampietro ◽  
André Leonardo Nasser Pereira ◽  
Diego de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Penetrometer Resistance ◽  
Wood Extraction ◽  
Increase In Productivity

O processo de mecanização da colheita de madeira possibilitou um aumento significativo na produtividade e na qualidade das operações. Entretanto, o tráfego intenso de máquinas pesadas tem sido o grande responsável pela compactação do solo em áreas florestais. Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo avaliar os níveis de compactação de um Latossolo causada pelo trator florestal skidder com rodados de pneus e rodados de pneus recobertos com semiesteiras. O estudo foi conduzido nas áreas de colheita de madeira de uma empresa florestal localizada no estado do Paraná. A compactação do solo foi determinada por meio de alterações nas variáveis de densidade, porosidade total, porosidade de aeração e resistência do solo à penetração. As amostras de solo e os dados de resistência à penetração foram coletados em quatro pontos igualmente espaçados ao longo das trilhas de tráfego das máquinas e em linhas sem tráfego (testemunha), em três níveis de profundidade (0 a 15, 15 a 30 e 30 a 50 cm). A análise dos resultados mostrou que o skidder equipado com rodados de pneus foi responsável pela maior alteração na densidade do solo, com 1,22 e 1,17 mg.m-3 nas profundidade de 0 a 15 e 15 a 30 cm, respectivamente. Não houve alteração significativa nas propriedades físicas do solo devido ao tráfego do skidder com os diferentes tipos de rodados, mostrando que a instalação da semiesteira nos rodados das máquinas não acarretou em redução da compactação do solo.Palavras-chave: Compactação; tipos de rodados; extração florestal. AbstractCompaction of a latosol subjected to skidder traffic with different wheeled. The process of mechanization of timber harvesting allowed a significant increase in productivity and quality of operations. However, heavy traffic of large machines has been largely responsible for soil compaction in forest areas.This research aimed to evaluate the latosol compaction caused by skidder with tires and tracks over the tires. The study was developed in the logging areas of a forestry company located in Parana State. Soil compaction was evaluated by soil bulk density, aeration porosity, total porosity and penetrometer resistance. The soil samples and date of penetrometer resistance were taken at four points equally spaced along both the trails with and without traffic at three depth levels (0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 50 cm). The results showed that the skidder equipped with tires was responsible for the greatest change in density, with 1.22 and 1.17 mg.m-3 in the depth of 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm, respectively. There was not significant change in soil physical properties caused by skidder traffic with the different wheeled types, proving that the installation of the tracks over tires did not result in smaller soil compaction.Keywords: Compaction; wheeled types; wood extraction.

scholarly journals Effect of chicken manure application and plant deleafing on soil characteristics and dwarf plantain (Musa AAB) production

2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-47
Author(s):  
Mario L. Flores-Mangual ◽  
Agenol González-Vélez
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Highly Weathered Soils

Plantains are produced in the mountainous region of Puerto Rico and are grown in highly weathered soils of low fertility and high degradation potential. Alternatives to mitigate soil degradation include the application of chicken manure and the placement of deleafed sigatoka-infected leaves on top of the soil (deleafing). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of chicken manure and deleafing on soil properties and plantain productivity. The experiment was conducted in a Dagüey soil series at the Agricultural Experiment Substation in Corozal, Puerto Rico. The treatments were: 1) 25 ton/ha chicken manure; 2) deleafing; 3) chicken manure + deleafing; and 4) control. Chicken manure was applied before planting, and leaves from deleafing were placed on the soil only in deleafing treatments. The application of chicken manure significantly increased soil aggregate stability, soil available phosphorous and nitrates. Also, plant growth and plantain yield increased with manure applications, and the days to flowering and harvest were reduced. There were no effects neither on soil bulk density, hydraulic conductivity nor on organic matter content. No significant difference in runoff volume was observed, but sediment load in runoff decreased. The deleafed leaves decreased soil penetration resistance.

scholarly journals Soil compaction by machine traffic and least limiting water range related to soybean yield

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1591-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amauri Nelson Beutler ◽  
José Frederico Centurion ◽  
Alvaro Pires da Silva ◽  
Maria Aparecida Pessôa da Cruz Centurion ◽  
Cristian Luarte Leonel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soybean Cultivar ◽  
First Year ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Least Limiting Water Range

The research aimed to evaluate machine traffic effect on soil compaction and the least limiting water range related to soybean cultivar yields, during two years, in a Haplustox soil. The six treatments were related to tractor (11 Mg weight) passes by the same place: T0, no compaction; and T1*, 1; T1, 1; T2, 2; T4, 4 and T6, 6. In the treatment T1*, the compaction occurred when soil was dried, in 2003/2004, and with a 4 Mg tractor in 2004/2005. Soybean yield was evaluated in relation to soil compaction during two agricultural years in completely randomized design (compaction levels); however, in the second year, there was a factorial scheme (compaction levels, with and without irrigation), with four replicates represented by 9 m² plots. In the first year, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar IAC Foscarim 31 was cultivated without irrigation; and in the second year, IAC Foscarim 31 and MG/BR 46 (Conquista) cultivars were cultivated with and without irrigation. Machine traffic causes compaction and reduces soybean yield for soil penetration resistance between 1.64 to 2.35 MPa, and bulk density between 1.50 to 1.53 Mg m-3. Soil bulk density from which soybean cultivar yields decrease is lower than the critical one reached at least limiting water range (LLWR =/ 0).

An Assessment of Soil Compaction after Logging Operations in Central Amazonia

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-241
Author(s):  
Daniel DeArmond ◽  
João B S Ferraz ◽  
Fabiano Emmert ◽  
Adriano José Nogueira Lima ◽  
Niro Higuchi
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Central Amazonia ◽  
Log Skidding

Abstract In the forests of the Amazon Basin, there are still few studies on soil compaction caused by logging activities. This study evaluated an operation located on the property of a timber company in Central Amazonia, which uses harvesting techniques based on the harvesting system developed by the Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname. The timber-extraction method employed by the timber company consists of three activities: (1) skid trail construction with a track-type tractor, (2) log winching with a winch attached to the tractor, and (3) log skidding with a rubber-tired skidder. Soil bulk density and soil penetration resistance were quantified to 20 cm in depth. After a single tractor ingress and egress for trail construction, the soil incurred an increased root growth-limiting bulk density and penetration resistance. However, log winching did not cause significant soil compaction. The conclusions of the study were: (1) the greatest impact from this harvesting system came from the skid trail construction, (2) the technique of log winching limited forest floor compaction and disturbance that damages forest regeneration, and (3) log skidding during dry soil conditions limited increases in compaction and track formation.

Use of confocal laser scanning microscopy and a computer model to understand ink cavitation and filamentation

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
HANNA KOIVULA ◽  
DOUGLAS BOUSFIELD ◽  
MARTTI TOIVAKKA
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser Scanning ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Print Quality ◽  
Length Scale ◽  
Offset Printing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Printing Speed

In the offset printing process, ink film splitting has an important impact on formation of ink filaments. The filament size and its distribution influence the leveling of ink and hence affect ink setting and the print quality. However, ink filaments are difficult to image due to their short lifetime and fine length scale. Due to this difficulty, limited work has been reported on the parameters that influence filament size and methods to characterize it. We imaged ink filament remains and quantified some of their characteristics by changing printing speed, ink amount, and fountain solution type. Printed samples were prepared using a laboratory printability tester with varying ink levels and operating settings. Rhodamine B dye was incorporated into fountain solutions to aid in the detection of the filaments. The prints were then imaged with a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and images were further analyzed for their surface topography. Modeling of the pressure pulses in the printing nip was included to better understand the mechanism of filament formation and the origin of filament length scale. Printing speed and ink amount changed the size distribution of the observed filament remains. There was no significant difference between fountain solutions with or without isopropyl alcohol on the observed patterns of the filament remains.

Extraction and Quantification of Eugenol from Clove Buds Using HPLC

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Khadiza Fitri Shafira ◽  
Abul Kalam Azad ◽  
Zubair Khalid Labu ◽  
Abul Bashar Mohammed Helal Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Processing Time ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Past Study ◽  
Solvent Ratio ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Clove Essential Oil

Background: Eugenol is the main constituent of clove essential oil. Past studies have found that clove oil has diverse uses in the pharmaceutical field due to its antioxidant, antibacterial and anesthetic properties. Objective: This work compares the performance of different extraction methods and factors and identifies the effect of the treatments on oil yields and eugenol content. Materials and Methods: Maceration, Hydro distillation, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and Soxhlet were performed. The best technique was identified according to yield and content. Further studies were conducted to examine the effects of different factors, such as solvent types (ethanol and methanol) and sample-to-solvent ratio (1:10 and 1:15). HPLC UV-Vis was utilized in the analysis of eugenol concentration. Results and Discussion: Soxhlet extraction provided the highest yield (39.98%) and eugenol content (15.83%), compared to other methods. The results observed from several Soxhlet extraction factors showed that there is no significant difference between the different factors. In the meantime, methanol 1:15 provided the greatest amount of yields (57.83%) and eugenol content (22.21%). In this regard, the higher ratio resulted in higher eugenol content. Conclusion: The results obtained are less comparable because the processing time, the working solvent, and the separation technique were carried out differently for each method. In the meantime, as there is no past study that compared the selected methods and factors, this study’s findings will contribute substantially to fill the gap in this field.

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