scholarly journals Social immunity of the family: parental contributions to a public good modulated by brood size

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Duarte ◽  
Sheena C. Cotter ◽  
Catherine E. Reavey ◽  
Richard J. S. Ward ◽  
Ornela De Gasperin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Brood Size ◽  
Social Immunity ◽  
The Family

Une étude des comportements parentaux de l'avocette en colonie de reproduction. Organisation spatiale inter- et intra-familiale

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Adret
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Brood Size ◽  
Nest Site ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Territory Size ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Groups

The social structure of the avocet, Recurvirostra avosetta, was investigated during the young rearing period. In the two colonies studied on the French Atlantic coast, in Vendée, family groups leave the nest site a few hours after hatching and go to the feeding areas. There, contiguous territories are vigourously defended by the two attentive adults for at least 6 weeks. Territory size, ranging from 260 to 5200 m2, according to the family, shows no clear temporal variation. However, these values are positively correlated with brood size. Within each family, differential use of the rearing territory as a structured area is revealed. (i) Daily distribution of the birds' activities such as feeding, resting, preening, watching is patchy; (ii) for a given activity, adults and chicks tend to use different areas, especially when foraging. The analysis of social relationships indicates that the two attentive adults spend little time near each other, whereas chicks tend to remain close to one another and adult behaviour varies according to the distance from the brood. Moreover, chicks are synchronized whereas the two parents tend to carry out different activities simultaneously. Social structure is viewed as a compromise between the territorial and the colonial types.

scholarly journals Negotiations within the family over the supply of parental care

2006 ◽  
Vol 274 (1606) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla A Hinde ◽  
Rebecca M Kilner
Keyword(s):  
Brood Size ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Parus Major ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Quality Of Information ◽  
The Family ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Level Of Effort ◽  
Provisioning Behaviour

Adults provisioning dependent young are in conflict with their partners, who would prefer a greater level of effort, and with their offspring, who would prefer a greater supply of food. To what extent, then should adults negotiate their provisioning behaviour with other family members? We used experimental manipulations of brood size, and targeted playback of begging calls to determine the extent to which adult great tits Parus major adjust their provisioning rates in response to the behaviour of their partner and their brood. We found that males and females behaved similarly, both responding more to each other's behaviour than to chick calling. We also found that the degree to which adults negotiated their provisioning rates with each other varied between years. A review of the literature suggests that the extent of negotiation over provisioning is likely to vary not only between species of diverse taxa, but also between and within (this study) populations of the same species. We suggest that provisioning behaviour lies on a ‘negotiation continuum’, which describes the extent to which parents respond to the actions of other family members. We argue that an individual's location on the ‘negotiation continuum’ is determined partly by the extent to which it can physically respond to the behaviour shown by other members of the family and partly by the quality of information on offer.

Triassic sponges (Sphinctozoa) from Hells Canyon, Oregon

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (03) ◽  
pp. 419-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baba Senowbari-Daryan ◽  
George D. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Species ◽  
Upper Triassic ◽  
Island Arc ◽  
Tropical Island ◽  
The Family ◽  
Wallowa Terrane ◽  
Unique Condition ◽  
Hells Canyon

Two Upper Triassic sphinctozoan sponges of the family Sebargasiidae were recovered from silicified residues collected in Hells Canyon, Oregon. These sponges areAmblysiphonellacf.A. steinmanni(Haas), known from the Tethys region, andColospongia whalenin. sp., an endemic species. The latter sponge was placed in the superfamily Porata by Seilacher (1962). The presence of well-preserved cribrate plates in this sponge, in addition to pores of the chamber walls, is a unique condition never before reported in any porate sphinctozoans. Aporate counterparts known primarily from the Triassic Alps have similar cribrate plates but lack the pores in the chamber walls. The sponges from Hells Canyon are associated with abundant bivalves and corals of marked Tethyan affinities and come from a displaced terrane known as the Wallowa Terrane. It was a tropical island arc, suspected to have paleogeographic relationships with Wrangellia; however, these sponges have not yet been found in any other Cordilleran terrane.

Electron Microscopy of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 258-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Boatman ◽  
G. E. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
The Family

Information concerning the morphology and replication of organism of the family Mycoplasmataceae remains, despite over 70 years of study, highly controversial. Due to their small size observations by light microscopy have not been rewarding. Furthermore, not only are these organisms extremely pleomorphic but their morphology also changes according to growth phase. This study deals with the morphological aspects of M. pneumoniae strain 3546 in relation to growth, interaction with HeLa cells and possible mechanisms of replication.The organisms were grown aerobically at 37°C in a soy peptone yeast dialysate medium supplemented with 12% gamma-globulin free horse serum. The medium was buffered at pH 7.3 with TES [N-tris (hyroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethane sulfonic acid] at 10mM concentration. The inoculum, an actively growing culture, was filtered through a 0.5 μm polycarbonate “nuclepore” filter to prevent transfer of all but the smallest aggregates. Growth was assessed at specific periods by colony counts and 800 ml samples of organisms were fixed in situ with 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 3 hrs. at 4°C. Washed cells for sectioning were post-fixed in 0.8% OSO4 in veronal-acetate buffer pH 6.1 for 1 hr. at 21°C. HeLa cells were infected with a filtered inoculum of M. pneumoniae and incubated for 9 days in Leighton tubes with coverslips. The cells were then removed and processed for electron microscopy.

Exposure of protein VP7 on the surface of bluetongue virus

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
A.D. Hyatt
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Outer Coat ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Antibody Recognition ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Family ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Physical Accessibility

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the type species os the genus orbivirus in the family Reoviridae. The virus has a fibrillar outer coat containing two major structural proteins VP2 and VP5 which surround an icosahedral core. The core contains two major proteins VP3 and VP7 and three minor proteins VP1, VP4 and VP6. Recent evidence has indicated that the core comprises a neucleoprotein center which is surrounded by two protein layers; VP7, a major constituent of capsomeres comprises the outer and VP3 the inner layer of the core . Antibodies to VP7 are currently used in enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays and immuno-electron microscopical (JEM) tests for the detection of BTV. The tests involve the antibody recognition of VP7 on virus particles. In an attempt to understand how complete viruses can interact with antibodies to VP7 various antibody types and methodologies were utilized to determine the physical accessibility of the core to the external environment.

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