Une étude des comportements parentaux de l'avocette en colonie de reproduction. Organisation spatiale inter- et intra-familiale

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Adret

The social structure of the avocet, Recurvirostra avosetta, was investigated during the young rearing period. In the two colonies studied on the French Atlantic coast, in Vendée, family groups leave the nest site a few hours after hatching and go to the feeding areas. There, contiguous territories are vigourously defended by the two attentive adults for at least 6 weeks. Territory size, ranging from 260 to 5200 m2, according to the family, shows no clear temporal variation. However, these values are positively correlated with brood size. Within each family, differential use of the rearing territory as a structured area is revealed. (i) Daily distribution of the birds' activities such as feeding, resting, preening, watching is patchy; (ii) for a given activity, adults and chicks tend to use different areas, especially when foraging. The analysis of social relationships indicates that the two attentive adults spend little time near each other, whereas chicks tend to remain close to one another and adult behaviour varies according to the distance from the brood. Moreover, chicks are synchronized whereas the two parents tend to carry out different activities simultaneously. Social structure is viewed as a compromise between the territorial and the colonial types.

Author(s):  
Sameen Masood ◽  
Muhammad Farooq

It is believed that the economic participation of women in Pakistan has been intensively affected by an enduring male-capitalist social system. Moreover, the history of gender discrimination has been linked with the medieval cultural values that uplifted and empowered men over women in every sphere of life, especially in the economic realm. A typical case is believed to be the Pashtun culture. This chapter investigated indigenous values of Pashtun culture where women are underrepresented in the economy. Women did not see themselves as underprivileged. Rather, they perceived themselves as a vital and prestigious part of the family and the wider Pashtun society. For educated women in Pashtun society, the values system is guided by social structure, which is accounted for by stability and unity in society. Cultural values are operationalized as the mechanism of division of labor. The findings redefine female empowerment and propose a new paradigm in the global context. The indigenous value system guides the social structure which leads to stability and unity in the society.


1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen R. Kearney

A social-psychological and historical context for understanding contemporary sex roles, fertility, parenting, and the family is provided by reviewing origins and objectives of the Women's Movement. Feminist efforts to change social structures affecting women's choice of roles and fertility require continued attention. Increased voluntary childlessness seriously challenges the concept of motherhood as central to adult feminine identity and legitimization of choice in whether or not to become a parent provides a new context for studying women, sex roles, fertility, and their complex relationships to the social structure. Continued challenges to premises, methodologies, and conclusions of such research are urged.


1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Wilson ◽  
Ray Pahl

Recent attempts to announce the death of the family as a useful analytical category for sociologists are rebutted as being premature. The tendency to view household relations as family relations or, indeed, couple or gender relations as family relations seems to have arisen in the early 1970s. Earlier attempts to construct an empirically grounded analysis of family relationships have been curiously neglected. An account of one family on the Isle of Sheppey in Kent provides some illustrative ethnography on both the positive uses of family members – particularly siblings – and on the way the social boundaries of this family are constructed by its members. It is argued that the family is best understood as a system of relationships that change over time. There is a curious lack of systematic ethnography of contemporary family relationships so that what is taught to students as the sociology of the family may be widely at variance with their own personal experience. This may be partly a result of relying too much on random surveys of households at the expense of detailed explorations of existing patterns of social relationships and social meanings. Developing theoretical arguments on the basis of inadequate or inappropriate ethnography is evidently a dangerous and misleading exercise.


Author(s):  
Blanca Mirthala Tamez Valdez

The document develops an analysis of the family situation faced during the last decades in Mexico, particularly in the social transformation and their connection with the heterogeneity of the family groups, based on a series of analytical categories focused on family strategies that point out their daily life, taking up the proposal of Mallardi (2018) around: a) strategies aimed at obtaining subsistence resources, b) strategies linked to the specialized care, c) room strategies linked to the conditions life, d) strategies associated with health-disease processes and e) strategies for socialization, learning and use of free time. These strategies are approached as categories of analysis, for which their operationalization is carried out based on the review and reflection regarding some of the main changes observed during the last decades in Mexico; as well as the way in which these transformations are traversed by a series of social determinants, particularly those of gender and class, as well as their relationship with social policies directed at family groups. The analysis presented, without being exhaustive, shows the way in which the indicated elements and their linkage come to impact the daily life of families during the last decades. In this way, the daily life of family groups shows a series of tensions, ambivalences and contradictions derived to a large extent from the present relationship between the pressures exerted, on the one hand, from the social policy itself implemented and with it the demands and mandates generated from their socio-historical, economic and political context. On the other hand, the growing material and subjective needs of its members, which demand immediate responses that provide the minimum possibilities for the survival of the family group. El documento desarrolla un análisis de la situación familiar enfrentada durante las últimas décadas en México, en particular de las transformaciones sociales y su vínculo con la heterogeneidad de los grupos familiares, a partir de una serie de categorías analíticas centradas en las estrategias familiares que dan cuenta de la vida cotidiana, retomando para ello la propuesta de Mallardi (2018) en torno a: a) estrategias destinadas a la obtención de los recursos de subsistencia, b) estrategias vinculadas a la organización del cuidado, c) estrategias habitacionales vinculadas a las condiciones de vida, d) estrategias asociadas a los procesos de salud-enfermedad y e) estrategias de socialización, aprendizaje y uso del tiempo libre. Dichas estrategias son abordadas como categorías de análisis, por lo cual su operacionalización es realizada partiendo de la revisión y reflexión respecto a algunos de los principales cambios observados durante las últimas décadas en México; asimismo, se analiza la manera en que esas transformaciones se encuentran atravesadas por una serie de determinantes sociales, particularmente las de género y clase. Otro aspecto que se analiza es la relación de las transformaciones familiares observadas con las políticas sociales dirigidas a los grupos familiares. El análisis presentado, sin ser exhaustivo, muestra la manera en que los elementos señalados y su vinculación llegan a impactar la vida cotidiana de las familias durante las últimas décadas. De esa manera, la vida cotidiana de los grupos familiares muestra una serie de tensiones, ambivalencias y contradicciones derivadas en gran parte de la relación presente entre las presiones ejercidas, por un lado, desde la propia política social implementada y con ello las demandas y mandatos generados desde su contexto sociohistórico, económico y político. Así como, por otro lado, las crecientes necesidades materiales y subjetivas de sus miembros, las cuales exigen respuestas inmediatas que brinden las posibilidades mínimas para la sobrevivencia del grupo familiar.


Author(s):  
Alexander Cowan

The history of marriage is inseparable from the history of the family as an institution and from the history of the female experience. Thematically, it falls into four linked categories, the making of marriages, the ceremonies surrounding marriage (Marriage Rituals), which were both religious and secular and could span lengthy periods of time, the functioning of marriage within the couple, and the social and economic roles of widows and widowers. Dowries, the sums of money and material goods which were normally transferred to the husband or his family at the time of getting married but later returned to widows, played a central role in all four of these categories. Interest in these issues first emerged in the 1960s and found a place among the historians linked to the journals Annales: Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations in France (see Annales: Histoire, Sciences sociales, cited under Journals), Quaderni Storici in Italy (also cited under Journals), and the Cambridge Group for the Study of Population and Social Structure in the United Kingdom. Multiple studies from all parts of Europe have blossomed as a result.


1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mann ◽  
Melvin Cohen ◽  
David M. Engelhardt ◽  
Norbert Freedman ◽  
Reuben A. Margolis

A system for the assessment of traits characterizing the social interaction of patients in the family setting has been briefly described. This system attempts to measure the relationship between the patient and the relaive who is being interviewed concerning the patient's behavior. Using a method of coding to evaluate the respondent's answers to various open-ended questions, we are able to delineate those characteristics of the patient's behavior which are most salient to the relative and most indicative of the relationship between the relative and the patient. This system is presently being used to study the behavior of schizophrenic outpatients in a clinic setting in which the primary method of treatment is ataractic therapy. It is assumed that for psychiatric outpatients changes in their social relationships at home are as important as changes in their mental status. The social traits are being used both as predictors of change in the patient's behavior and as indices measuring the effects of treatment on social behavior. At present, we are gathering data which indicates that the social traits are reliable and valid scales, and that they are useful in the study of schizophrenic outpatients.


1985 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Chojnacki

Regimes and families: historians have recently enriched our understanding of the patrician regimes of late-medieval and Renaissance Italy by analyzing relations among their component social units. This essay will contribute to this literature by throwing some light on the social structure and practices of the ruling class of fifteenth-century Venice. For a long time, but with quickening rhythm in the last decade or so, historians of Venice have been charting various currents that ran through the Venetian patriciate. On the whole, though, they have preferred to concentrate on political and economic groupings, less on the family and kinship patterns that fascinate investigators of other cities, notably Florence.


2021 ◽  
pp. 13-29
Author(s):  
Eric Van Young

This chapter begins by introducing Alamán’s unpublished fragment of a personal memoir (1834), a key document in this biographical study. The social structure of the Guanajuato of his childhood is described. His family history in Spain and France going back to the15th century is traced, including the nobility on his mother’s side going back to her great-grandfather, a silver baron. In an elegiac tone the memoir recalls the titled silver aristocracy of Alamán’s youth and the fading of the family fortune over several generations, evoking the status loss that drove so many of his actions as an entrepreneur and public figure. The career of his father, who arrived in Mexico and married a wealthy young widow, is narrated, and the intra-family struggles over inheritance that followed his death.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomi Arianto

Sepasang Mata Dinaya yang Terpenjara short story expressed various problems related to the imbalance of social structure between women and men in Bali society. This is done in a structured and continuous to become a convention that is rooted down to the smallest social structure in society that is family. From the problems above, the research defined that the social problems present in those literary work included to the scope of sociological problems in literature work. The formulations of the problems in this research are as follows: 1) What is the scope of symbolic violence contained in Sepasang mata dinaya yang terpenjara? 2) How does the symbolic violence forms contained in a short story Sepasang mata dinaya yang terpenjara? To answer the research question, the researcher used literary theory related with the approach of sociology Pierre Bourdieu. The method used in this analysis is qualitative descriptive. The result of the analysis shows that the short story reveals various problems related to the inequality of social structure between women and men in Balinese society which has been formed in a structured and continuous culture that is rooted down to the smallest social structure in the family. From the dichotomy of these structures then arise forms of symbolic violence adopted from Bourdieu’s terminology. This form of symbolic violence is experienced in layers by agents who have more capital and dominate such as the parents of Dinaya, her husband, and the people who apply the patriarchal culture. This form of symbolic violence is reflected in: symbolic violence by parents (including Dinaya's mother) against her child (Dinaya). symbolic violence of an individual Man (Dinaya's husband) against his wife (Dinaya), and Symbolic Violence by Society (cultural norms) on Balinese women.


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