scholarly journals Reactions to (the absence of) control and workplace arrangements: experimental evidence from the internet and the laboratory

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 933-960
Author(s):  
Katrin Schmelz ◽  
Anthony Ziegelmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Control Level ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Principal Agent ◽  
Working From Home

Abstract This paper reports an experiment designed to assess the influence of workplace arrangements on the reactions to (the absence of) control. We compare behavior in an Internet and a laboratory principal-agent game where the principal can control the agent by implementing a minimum effort requirement. Then the agent chooses an effort costly to her but beneficial to the principal. Our design captures meaningful differences between working from home and working at the office arrangements. Online subjects enjoy greater anonymity than lab subjects, they interact in a less constrained environment than the laboratory, and there is a larger physically-oriented social distance between them. Control is significantly more effective online than in the laboratory. Positive reactions to the principal’s choice not to control are observed in both treatments, but they are significantly weaker online than in the laboratory. Principals often choose the highest control level, which maximizes their earnings.

scholarly journals Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience during the Pandemic: “Re-Directing the Gaze of the Therapeutic Couple”

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eda Arduman
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
External Events ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Therapeutic Space ◽  
Clinical Cases

The present global pandemic of covid 19 requires many psychotherapists to work at a distance via telephone or the internet. At the same time a considerable number of psychotherapists work with masks while maintaining social distance. This pandemic impact draws our attention to two questions: One is the difference of working within the office vs. working online. Two is how external events impact the individuals socially as well as personally. This chapter explores clinical cases where, even though Covid and its implications imposed a horrible loss and increasing day to day unpredictability on the therapeutic space, the focus of therapy was readjusted thus igniting a process of deeper self-understanding.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Traditional vs. Work from Home Among the Employees Working from Home During COVID-19 Crisis in Raigad and Udham Singh Nagar

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 128-133
Author(s):  
Yogita M. Patil ◽  
Namit Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Global Village ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Working From Home ◽  
The World ◽  
Limited Scope

This study is related to the outbreak of COVID 19 pandemic in India, how the widespread of this virus has forced individuals to be locked in our homes which has drastically affected the growth of our economy. Not only India, the world is facing the COVID 19 catastrophe which has shut down all the professionals and business enterprises. Since the COVID 19 is a very contagious virus and it is incurable till date and curable with limited scope, hence WHO published the advisory stating that till the pandemic is dealt with every individual must maintain social distance in order to slow down the rate of spread of COVID 19. In this world of technological advancement and better traveling equipment, the world is nothing but a global village and since, if one part of the economy is getting affected, it has a large scale impact on all over the world. However, “Janta Curfew” has been implemented, it has become more challenging for the employees to visit workplaces. The study will detail about analysing the aspect of work from home facilities during the lockdown period. (The data is based on during the first lockdown period from March to June)

scholarly journals Teams Do Inflict Costly Third-Party Punishment as Individuals Do: Experimental Evidence

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Kenju Kamei
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Seminal Work ◽  
Everyday Lives

Initiated by the seminal work of Fehr and Fischbacher (Evolution and Human Behavior (2004)), a large body of research has shown that people often take punitive actions towards norm violators even when they are not directly involved in transactions. This paper shows in an experimental setting that this behavioral finding extends to a situation where a pair of individuals jointly decides how strong a third-party punishment to impose. It also shows that this punishment behavior is robust to the size of social distance within pairs. These results lend useful insight since decisions in our everyday lives and also in courts are often made by teams.

scholarly journals State-of-the-Art of Commercial Proctoring Systems and Their Use in Academic Online Exams

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-62
Author(s):  
Simone Arnò ◽  
Alessandra Galassi ◽  
Marco Tommasi ◽  
Aristide Saggino ◽  
Pierpaolo Vittorini
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Online Platforms ◽  
The Social ◽  
Assessment Activities ◽  
The Way

Online proctoring generally refers to the practice of proctors monitoring an exam over the internet, usually through a webcam. This technology has gained relevance during the current COVID-19 pandemic, given that the social distance owing to health reasons has consequently led to the switching of all learning and assessment activities to online platforms. This paper summarises the available state-of-the-art of commercial proctoring systems by identifying the main features, describing them, and analysing the way in which different proctoring programs are grouped on the basis of the services they offer. Furthermore, the paper reports on two case studies concerning online exams taken with both automated and human proctoring approaches. The outcomes from state-of-the-art approaches and the experience gained by the two case studies are then summarised in the conclusion, where the need for an organisational effort in loading photographs that can be used to easily recognise student faces, and using an automated online proctoring program to support manual proctoring have been suggested.

scholarly journals Personality characteristics of victims of illegal attacks on the Internet

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
F.S. Safuanov ◽  
N.V. Dokuchaeva
Keyword(s):  
Control Level ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Personality Questionnaire ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Personal Anxiety ◽  
Different Levels

The article examines the personality characteristics of victims of illegal attacks on the Internet. We used methods as follow: 16 factors Cattell personality questionnaire, subjective control level, life-style index, Buss-Perry questionnaire, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, a COPE inventory. 78 internet users were divided into two groups of 38 persons: the main group included people falling victim to illegal attacks on the Internet, the control group participants were not attacked on the internet. We identified specific aggregated symptoms of individual psychological characteristics of internet attack victims and show that victims of "non-forced" and "forced" offenses have different levels of situational and personal anxiety, aggression and locus of control.

A survey of incentive engineering for crowdsourcing

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor Muldoon ◽  
Michael J. O’Grady ◽  
Gregory M. P. O’Hare
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Principal Agent ◽  
Direct Control ◽  
Multiple Agents ◽  
System Designer ◽  
Incentive Theory ◽  
Incentive Engineering ◽  
Incentive Structures ◽  
Game Theoretic

AbstractWith the growth of the Internet, crowdsourcing has become a popular way to perform intelligence tasks that hitherto would be either performed internally within an organization or not undertaken due to prohibitive costs and the lack of an appropriate communications infrastructure. In crowdsourcing systems, whereby multiple agents are not under the direct control of a system designer, it cannot be assumed that agents will act in a manner that is consistent with the objectives of the system designer or principal agent. In situations whereby agents’ goals are to maximize their return in crowdsourcing systems that offer financial or other rewards, strategies will be adopted by agents to game the system if appropriate mitigating measures are not put in place. The motivational and incentivization research space is quite large; it incorporates diverse techniques from a variety of different disciplines including behavioural economics, incentive theory, and game theory. This paper specifically focusses on game theoretic approaches to the problem in the crowdsourcing domain and places it in the context of the wider research landscape. It provides a survey of incentive engineering techniques that enable the creation of apt incentive structures in a range of different scenarios.

scholarly journals THE TREND OF WORK FROM HOME AND ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
JIŘÍ KUČERA ◽  
TOMÁŠ KRULICKÝ ◽  
PETRA NAVRÁTILOVÁ
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Work Processes ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Working From Home ◽  
And Performance ◽  
A Company ◽  
Positive Effect

This paper focuses on working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic. It focuses mainly on the advantages and disadvantages of this way of working, as well as its impact on the psyche and performance of employees and, last but not least, its impact on a company's finances. It uses the synthesis of data found on the internet, from selected reliable sources dealing with the same or similar issues. From these sources it is evident that the effects of working from home are rather negative. The most frequently mentioned advantage is the saving of time, caused mainly by the absence of commuting to the office. The most frequently mentioned disadvantage is the absence of personal contact with co-workers. The disadvantage that a company could feel the most is the extension of the length of communication between employees, and thus the extension of work processes. At first glance, it might seem that a company will save money using this form of work, but the reality is that the company's costs may even increase. This is due to the fact that most companies have chosen to work from home only partly, so the costs of running the offices remain the same or slightly reduced at best, and legislation states that the company must reimburse workers for costs incurred by this form of work. It follows from this contribution that, if possible, workers and employers should avoid the practice of working from home, even though it has a positive effect on the pandemic. The potential for further research could be to compare the results of this work with the same research conducted outside of the pandemic.

scholarly journals An IoT Based Model to Defend Covid-19 Outbreak

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 152-157
Author(s):  
Deepa Sonal* ◽  
Dina Nath Pandit ◽  
Md. Alimul Haque
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Condition Monitoring ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Smart Phone ◽  
Healthcare Spending ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Covid-19 is a pandemic that has swept the globe since the end of 2019. Scientists are working around the clock to create a vaccine to combat the Coronavirus. People are now monitored using smart-phone and web-based software. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to items that have sensors embedded in them. To check the spread of Covid-19, the IoT can be used. Social Distancing breaks the chain of spreading. It has an effect not only on healthcare spending but also on the speed at which infected patients recover. IoT can be used efficiently for maintaining social distance. As a result, the current research aims to define, analyze and highlight the inclusive applications of the IoT philosophy by providing a perspective roadmap to combat the COVID-19 pandemic by maintaining social distancing. Reviewing the literature, a real-time detecting and alerting method for the COVID-19 condition monitoring is proposed.

scholarly journals On the psychology of cooperation in humans and other primates: combining the natural history and experimental evidence of prosociality

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1553) ◽  
pp. 2723-2735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian V. Jaeggi ◽  
Judith M. Burkart ◽  
Carel P. Van Schaik
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Human Evolution ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Cooperative Breeding ◽  
Food Sharing ◽  
History Of

In any given species, cooperation involves prosocial acts that usually return a fitness benefit to the actor. These acts are produced by a set of psychological rules, which will be similar in related species if they have a similar natural history of cooperation. Prosocial acts can be (i) reactive , i.e. in response to specific stimuli, or (ii) proactive , i.e. occur in the absence of such stimuli. We propose that reactive prosocial acts reflect sensitivity to (i) signals or signs of need and (ii) the presence and size of an audience, as modified by (iii) social distance to the partner or partners. We examine the evidence for these elements in humans and other animals, especially non-human primates, based on the natural history of cooperation, quantified in the context of food sharing, and various experimental paradigms. The comparison suggests that humans share with their closest living relatives reactive responses to signals of need, but differ in sensitivity to signs of need and cues of being watched, as well as in the presence of proactive prosociality. We discuss ultimate explanations for these derived features, in particular the adoption of cooperative breeding as well as concern for reputation and costly signalling during human evolution.

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