Upward Fire Spread Rate Over Real-Scale EPS ETICS Façades

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biao Zhou ◽  
Hideki Yoshioka ◽  
Takafumi Noguchi ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
Xinyan Huang
Keyword(s):  
Fire Spread ◽  
Spread Rate ◽  
Real Scale

Characterisation of the fuel and fire environment in southern Ontario’s tallgrass prairie

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Kidnie ◽  
B. Mike Wotton
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tallgrass Prairie ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Fuel Load ◽  
Prairie Restoration ◽  
Prescribed Burn ◽  
Spread Rate ◽  
Prescribed Burns ◽  
Tallgrass Prairie Restoration

Prescribed burning can be an integral part of tallgrass prairie restoration and management. Understanding fire behaviour in this fuel is critical to conducting safe and effective prescribed burns. Our goal was to quantify important physical characteristics of southern Ontario’s tallgrass fuel complex prior to and during prescribed burns and synthesise our findings into useful applications for the prescribed fire community. We found that the average fuel load in tallgrass communities was 0.70 kg m–2. Fuel loads varied from 0.38 to 0.96 kg m–2. Average heat of combustion did not vary by species and was 17 334 kJ kg–1. A moisture content model was developed for fully cured, matted field grass, which was found to successfully predict moisture content of the surface layers of cured tallgrass in spring. We observed 25 head fires in spring-season prescribed burns with spread rates ranging from 4 to 55 m min–1. Flame front residence time averaged 27 s, varying significantly with fuel load but not fire spread rate. A grassland spread rate model from Australia showed the closest agreement with observed spread rates. These results provide prescribed-burn practitioners in Ontario better information to plan and deliver successful burns.

scholarly journals Dimensional analysis on forest fuel bed fire spread

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
Jiann C. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Analysis ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Fuel Particle ◽  
Wind Condition ◽  
Spread Rate ◽  
Fuel Loading ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Dimensionless Groups ◽  
Dimensionless Correlations ◽  
Fuel Moisture Content

A dimensional analysis was performed to correlate the fuel bed fire rate of spread data previously reported in the literature. Under wind condition, six pertinent dimensionless groups were identified, namely dimensionless fire spread rate, dimensionless fuel particle size, fuel moisture content, dimensionless fuel bed depth or dimensionless fuel loading density, dimensionless wind speed, and angle of inclination of fuel bed. Under no-wind condition, five similar dimensionless groups resulted. Given the uncertainties associated with some of the parameters used to estimate the dimensionless groups, the dimensionless correlations using the resulting dimensionless groups correlate the fire rates of spread reasonably well under wind and no-wind conditions.

Analysis of the uncertainty of fuel model parameters in wildland fire modelling of a boreal forest in north-east China

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longyan Cai ◽  
Hong S. He ◽  
Yu Liang ◽  
Zhiwei Wu ◽  
Chao Huang
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Wildland Fire ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Spread Rate ◽  
North East ◽  
Fire Modelling ◽  
Fuel Model ◽  
Model Parameter Uncertainty

Fire propagation is inevitably affected by fuel-model parameters during wildfire simulations and the uncertainty of the fuel-model parameters makes forecasting accurate fire behaviour very difficult. In this study, three different methods (Morris screening, first-order analysis and the Monte Carlo method) were used to analyse the uncertainty of fuel-model parameters with FARSITE model. The results of the uncertainty analysis showed that only a few fuel-model parameters markedly influenced the uncertainty of the model outputs, and many of the fuel-model parameters had little or no effect. The fire-spread rate is the driving force behind the uncertainty of other fire behaviours. Thus, the highly uncertain fuel-model parameters associated with spread rate should be used cautiously in wildfire simulations. Monte Carlo results indicated that the relationship between model input and output was non-linear and neglecting fuel-model parameter uncertainty of the model would magnify fire behaviours. Additionally, fuel-model parameters have high input uncertainty. Therefore, fuel-model parameters must be calibrated against actual fires. The highly uncertain fuel-model parameters with high spatial-temporal variability consisted of fuel-bed depth, live-shrub loading and 1-h time-lag loading are preferentially chosen as parameters to calibrate several wildfires.

scholarly journals Empirical Modeling of Fire Spread Rate in No-Wind and No-Slope Conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos G Rossa ◽  
Paulo M Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Fire Spread ◽  
Empirical Modeling ◽  
Spread Rate

Calculation of fire spread rates across random landscapes

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Finney
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Harmonic Mean ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Fire Size ◽  
Spread Rate ◽  
Fuel Treatments ◽  
Fuel Mixtures

An approach is presented for approximating the expected spread rate of fires that burn across 2-dimensional landscapes with random fuel patterns. The method calculates a harmonic mean spread rate across a small 2-dimensional grid that allows the fire to move forward and laterally. Within this sample grid, all possible spatial fuel arrangements are enumerated and the spread rate of an elliptical fire moving through the cells is found by searching for the minimum travel time. More columns in the sample grid are required for accurately calculating expected spread rates where very slow-burning fuels are present, because the fire must be allowed to move farther laterally around slow patches. This calculation can be used to estimate fire spread rates across spatial fuel mixtures provided that the fire shape was determined from wind and slope. Results suggest that fire spread rates on random landscapes should increase with fire size and that random locations of fuel treatments would be inefficient in changing overall fire growth rates.

scholarly journals The Impact of Fuel Treatments on Wildfire Behavior in North American Boreal Fuels: A Simulation Study Using FIRETEC

Fire ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ginny Marshall ◽  
Dan Thompson ◽  
Kerry Anderson ◽  
Brian Simpson ◽  
Rodman Linn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Spread Rate ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
In Fire ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Common Tree

Current methods of predicting fire spread in Canadian forests are suited to large wildfires that spread through natural forests. Recently, the use of mechanical and thinning treatments of forests in the wildland-urban interface of Canada has increased. To assist in community wildfire protection planning in forests not covered by existing operational fire spread models, we use FIRETEC to simulate fire spread in lowland black spruce fuel structures, the most common tree stand in Canada. The simulated treatments included the mechanical mulching of strips, and larger, irregularly shaped areas. In all cases, the removal of fuel by mulch strips broke up the fuels, but also caused wind speed increases, so little decrease in fire spread rate was modelled. For large irregular clearings, the fire spread slowly through the mulched wood chips, and large decreases in fire spread and intensity were simulated. Furthermore, some treatments in the black spruce forest were found to be effective in decreasing the distance and/or density of firebrands. The simulations conducted can be used alongside experimental fires and documented wildfires to examine the effectiveness of differing fuel treatment options to alter multiple components of fire behavior.

Experimental Study of Cable Fire Spread in Electronic Cabinet

2013 ◽  
Vol 664 ◽  
pp. 964-969
Author(s):  
Chao Zhou ◽  
Xin Qun Wang ◽  
Jun Qin ◽  
Lu Yi Chen ◽  
Gang Xuan Lao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Electronic Cabinet ◽  
Cable Fire ◽  
Real Scale ◽  
Fire Experiments

Three cases of cables fire experiments with different ventilation rate in real scale electronic cabinet have been carried out. In each experiment, five cables with 14mm in out diameter and four copper conductors with 1650mm in length were used. the insulation and cover of the cables was combustible .Temperature of the fire cables, CO ,O2as well as temperature in different location in the center of the cabinet in the fire cabinet were measured as a function of time. The key role of the ventilation rate on the temperature in the center of the cabinet and the concentration of CO and O2were clearly shown, but the influence on fire spread of cable fire was not so much significantly.

scholarly journals Rapid remote sensing assessment of landscape-scale impacts from the California Camp Fire

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Chambers ◽  
Caralyn Gorman ◽  
Yanlei Feng ◽  
Margaret Torn ◽  
Jared Stapp
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Spread Rate ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Regional Impacts ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
The City

The Camp Fire rapidly spread across a landscape in Butte County, California, toward the city of Paradise in the early morning hours of 8 November 2018. Here we provide a set of initial tools and analyses that are useful to a variety of stakeholders, including: (1) a visualization app for GOES 16 data and the surrounding landscape showing the rapid spread of the fire from 6:37-10:47 a.m. local time; (2) processed Landsat 8 images for before, during, and after the fire, along with a tool for visualizing regional impacts; (3) a timeline of fire spread from ignition over the first four hours; and (4) a description of a potential early warning app that could make use of existing data, visualization, and analysis tools, to provide additional information for effective evacuation of communities threatened by rapidly moving wildfires. Using these tools we estimate that, over the first hour, the Camp Fire was consuming ~200 ha/minute of vegetation with a linear spread rate of 14 km over the fire’s first 25 minutes, or ~33km/hr. We briefly discuss broader use of remote sensing and geospatial analysis for fire research and risk management.

Experimental Studies on Fire Spread Over Glass Fac¸ade

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Chow ◽  
W. K. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Glass Pane ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Smoke Spread ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Fire Flame ◽  
Real Scale

There are concerns on the behaviour of glass fac¸ade under a big fire. Real-scale experiments on a single-skin fac¸ade were carried out at a large laboratory of a sizable aluminum manufacturing plant in Southern China. Burning behaviour of a three-storey high single-skin glass fac¸ade with double glazing due to an adjacent big room fire was studied. Part of the fac¸ade of width 12 m and height 13 m was installed in a testing tower. A glass pane of the fac¸ade was taken out with a model fire chamber placed next to the opening. Flashover in the chamber was set up by burning a 2 MW gasoline fire. Flame and smoke spread from the chamber would move up along the glass fac¸ade. Air temperature outside the glazing above the fire chamber was measured. It is observed that flame spread out of the opening will be attached to the upper levels. The glass fac¸ade at that level will be heated up and broken. Flame can spread to the room at the upper level. Another flashover fire will then occur with adequate air supply. This scenario on having a post-flashover fire in an adjacent upper room should be included in hazard assessment in buildings with glass fac¸ade.

scholarly journals Fire Spread of Thermal Insulation Materials in the Ceiling of Piloti-Type Structure: Comparison of Numerical Simulation and Experimental Fire Tests Using Small- and Real-Scale Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3389
Author(s):  
Heong-Won Suh ◽  
Su-Min Im ◽  
Tae-Hoon Park ◽  
Hyung-Jun Kim ◽  
Hong-Sik Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Fire Test ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Insulation Material ◽  
Fire Tests ◽  
Insulation Materials ◽  
Real Scale

Large-scale fires mainly due to the ignition of thermal insulation materials in the ceiling of piloti-type structures are becoming frequent. However, the fire spread in these cases is not well understood. Herein we performed small-scale and real-scale model tests, and numerical simulations using a fire dynamics simulator (FDS). The experimental and FDS results were compared to elucidate fire spread and effects of thermal insulation materials on it. Comparison of real-scale fire test and FDS results revealed that extruded polystyrene (XPS) thermal insulation material generated additional ignition sources above the ceiling materials upon melting and propagated and sustained the fire. Deformation of these materials during fire test generated gaps, and combustible gases leaked out to cause fire spread. When the ceiling materials collapsed, air flew in through the gaps, leading to flashover that rapidly increased fire intensity and degree of spread. Although the variations of temperatures in real-scale fire test and FDS analysis were approximately similar, melting of XPS and generation of ignition sources could not be reproduced using FDS. Thus, artificial settings that increase the size and intensity of ignition sources at the appropriate moment in FDS were needed to achieve results comparable to those recorded by heat detectors in real-scale fire tests.

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