scholarly journals The Effect of Raw Material on the Identification of Knapping Skill: a Case Study from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Proffitt ◽  
A. Bargalló ◽  
I. de la Torre
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Olduvai Gorge ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Early Stone Age ◽  
Apparent Variation ◽  
Raw Material Variability

AbstractThe identification of Oldowan hominin knapping skill levels has been a focus of numerous studies, with apparent variation in technical abilities identified between a number of Early Stone Age archaeological sites. Raw material variability, however, can play a significant role in the outcomes of knapping events as well as in the accuracy of analysis. Implications of such variability are yet to be fully understood. Here we present an experimental study to assess the effects that varying raw materials have on the identification of technological attributes typically associated with varying skill levels and whether it is possible to identify knapper skill levels across multiple raw materials. Variation was tested between raw materials from Olduvai Gorge across and between skill levels. The results suggest that knapping skill levels manifest differently in the material record across raw materials. In addition, we suggest that raw material has a significant effect on identifying knapper skill variation. This has implications for future research concerned with identifying knapper skill within and between early assemblages of differing raw materials.

scholarly journals Raw material optimization and stone tool engineering in the Early Stone Age of Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (162) ◽  
pp. 20190377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair Key ◽  
Tomos Proffitt ◽  
Ignacio de la Torre
Keyword(s):  
Functional Performance ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Olduvai Gorge ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Material Optimization ◽  
Early Stone Age

For more than 1.8 million years hominins at Olduvai Gorge were faced with a choice: whether to use lavas, quartzite or chert to produce stone tools. All are available locally and all are suitable for stone tool production. Using controlled cutting tests and fracture mechanics theory we examine raw material selection decisions throughout Olduvai's Early Stone Age. We quantify the force, work and material deformation required by each stone type when cutting, before using these data to compare edge sharpness and durability. Significant differences are identified, confirming performance to depend on raw material choice. When combined with artefact data, we demonstrate that Early Stone Age hominins optimized raw material choices based on functional performance characteristics. Doing so flexibly: choosing raw materials dependent on their sharpness and durability, alongside a tool's loading potential and anticipated use-life. In this way, we demonstrate that early lithic artefacts at Olduvai Gorge were engineered to be functionally optimized cutting tools.

Experimental implement manufacture and use; a case study from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

1981 ◽  
Vol 292 (1057) ◽  
pp. 189-195 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Technical Level ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Olduvai Gorge

Experiments involving the manufacture and use of stone tools are described. The original tools that served as models came from two sites in upper bed IV at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. The following conclusions are drawn. Widespread use of terms such as ‘crude’ or ‘refined’ in describing stone tools tells us nothing of the technical level achieved by the makers of the assemblages. The different qualities of the available raw materials, the forms in which they occur and how they function when used may have influenced the tool maker’s designs and the morphology of the tools. The experiments suggest uses for the tools that are relevant to our understanding of what is found on some archaeological sites.

A true gift of mother earth: the use and significance of obsidian at Çatalhöyük

2011 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristan Carter
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Raw Material Variability ◽  
Mother Earth

AbstractThis paper reviews 50 years of obsidian studies at Neolithic Çatalhöyük in the Konya plain, central Anatolia. A number of key issues are addressed: (1) the source of the site's raw materials, the means and forms by which the obsidian was introduced to the site and the role of Çatalhöyük in the supra-regional dissemination of these raw materials; (2) the alleged gender associations of certain obsidian goods in the burial record and beyond; (3) a more general consideration of the social significance of the circulation and consumption of obsidian at the site, including the phenomena of hoarding and gifting, plus the important role of projectiles in the creation of social identities and various forms of ritual behaviour, not least the termination of the life of a building/individual; (4) the technotypological and raw material variability through time; (5) the use of obsidian in daily practice and craft-working.

Gold Prospecting With Factorial Cokriging In The Limousin, France

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Wackernagel ◽  
Henri Sanguinetti
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Geological Interpretation ◽  
Geological Body ◽  
Geostatistical Methods ◽  
Geological Phenomenon

In geochemical prospecting for gold a major difficulty is that many values are below the chemical detection limit. Tracers for gold thus play an important role in the evaluation of multivariate geochemical data. In this case study we apply geostatistical methods presented in Wackernagel (1988) to multielement exploration data from a prospect near Limoges, France. The analysis relies upon a metallogenetic model by Bonnemaison and Marcoux (1987, 1990) describing auriferous mineralization in shear zones of the Limousin. The aim of geochemical exploration is to find deposits of raw materials. What is a deposit? It is a geological anomaly which has a significant average content of a given raw material and enough spatial extension to have economic value. The geological body denned by an anomaly is generally buried at a specific depth and may be detectable at the surface through indices. These indices, which we shall call superficial anomalies, are disposed in three manners: at isolated locations, along faults, and as dispersion halos. These two definitions of the word "anomaly" correspond to a vision of the geological phenomenon in its full continuity. Yet in exploration geochemistry only a discrete perception of the phenomenon is possible through samples taken along a regularly meshed grid. A superficial anomaly thus can be apprehended by one or several samples or it can escape the grip of the geochemist when it is located between the nodes of the mesh. A geochemical anomaly, in the strict sense, only exists at the nodes of the sampling grid and we shall distinguish between: a pointwise anomaly defined on a single sample, and a groupwise anomaly defined on several neighboring samples. This distinction is important both upstream, for the geological interpretation of geochemical measurements, and downstream, at the level of geostatistical manipulation of the data. It will condition an exploration strategy on the basis of the data representations used in this case study. A pointwise anomaly, i.e., a high, isolated value of the material being sought, will correspond either to a geological phenomenon of limited extent or to a well hidden deposit.

scholarly journals Method for Quantifying Supply and Demand of Construction Minerals in Urban Regions—A Case Study of Hanoi and Its Hinterland

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4358
Author(s):  
Georg Schiller ◽  
Tamara Bimesmeier ◽  
Anh T.V. Pham
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Material Flow Analysis ◽  
Resource Efficiency ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Urban Structures

Urbanization is a global trend: Since 2007 more than 50% of the world’s population have been living in urban areas, and rates of urbanization are continuing to rise everywhere. This growth in urbanization has led to an increased demand for natural resources, in particular non-metallic minerals such as stones, sand and clay, which account for one third of the entire flow of materials. Generally, these materials are traded within regional markets. This close geographical link between the demand for building materials in urban areas and the material supply in the hinterland leads to massive interventions in the natural environment and landscape. These urban–rural linkages can be revealed by applying Material Flow Analysis (MFA) to the built environment in order to trace the flows of building materials. The objective of this paper is to present a method for quantifying regional material flows by considering the supply and demand of building materials. This will be applied to the Vietnamese case study area of Hanoi and its hinterland province Hoa Binh. The results indicate a consumption of almost 60% of the construction mineral reserves in total secured by planning in the hinterland province considering a period of 15 years. However, this does not allow for the general conclusion that raw materials are sufficiently available. The sand reservoirs are only sufficient for eight years and clay reserves are used up after four years. This increases the need to exploit further raw material reserves, which are becoming increasingly scarce and results in stronger interventions in nature In order to safeguard the hinterland from the negative impacts of urbanization, a new understanding of resource efficiency is needed—one that acknowledges both resource efficiency in the construction of urban structures and appropriate resource conservation in the provision of the raw materials from the hinterland. This will require the creation of new integrated planning approaches between urban and regional planning authorities. Regional MFA is one way of realising such an approach.

scholarly journals Lonicera caerulea L. as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds for the Enrichment of Fermented Milk Product

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 449-456
Author(s):  
Dalija Segliņa ◽  
Inta Krasnova ◽  
Sanita Alsiņa
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fermented Milk ◽  
Biologically Active Compounds ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Milk Product ◽  
Lonicera Caerulea ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Promising Source

Abstract Lonicera caerulea L., also known as honeysuckle berries, are rich in biologically active compounds, which makes them a valuable raw material for the development of functional foods. The objects of the research were three honeysuckle cultivars (‘Zoluška’, ‘Siņaja Ptica’, ‘Goluboje Vereteno’), four genotypes (No 2A; No 3; No 5; No 8) and kefir, enriched with various amounts (3–10%) of fruit puree. Physical and chemical analyses to determine the qualitative indicators of raw materials and products were performed. The degree of liking of kefir was assessed using sensory analysis: hedonic and line scales. The results obtained showed that among the cultivars the highest content of anthocyanins (1103.5 mg·100 g−1), total phenols (693.3 mg·100 g−1), flavonoids (753.9 mg·100 g−1), and tannins (1.6 mg·100 g−1), were found in ‘Siņaja Ptica’ berries, while among the genotypes, berries of No 8 had the highest concentration of the aforesaid compounds. Both samples also showed the highest antiradical activity: ABTS+• on average by 71.7% and DPPH− by 43.7%. According to the sensory evaluation, kefir with 10% honeysuckle puree was rated the highest. Honeysuckle berries could be used as a promising source of natural anti-oxidants in future research aimed at developing different new products that could meet consumer expectations.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN PENDEKATAN TARGET DAN KAIZEN COSTING TERHADAP UPAYA MENGURANGI BIAYA PRODUKSI

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Budi Lesmana
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Target Costing ◽  
Small Step ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Waste Elimination ◽  
Study Type

The research is divided into an understanding of the target costing, understanding of the Kaizen costing, and to which the outcome is to be obtained using the target and Kaizen costing. The study combines costing targets with costing kaizen for cost reduction. This research is a type of descriptive research with the case study type at PT. Victory Garmintex. The research at PT. Victory Garmintex begins with determining the objectives, namely the business of Kaizen based on the price that the consumer wants to pay and should be achieved. Once it is started to identify and eliminate waste. The result is the elimination of waste and minimized waste; Use of raw materials, raw material supplies, packaging processes, packing processes, and waste of work, and the extravagance of transportation. The final step is to evaluate the implementation of Kaizen costing. Evaluation is done by comparing the actual earned savings achieved with the objectives set at the beginning.  The results of the evaluation showed PT. Victory Garmintex has managed to reduce the company's production costs using the target costing and kaizen costing. Keywords: Costing target, kaizen costing, cost reduction, waste, elimination of waste, small step   Penelitian ini terbagi dalam pemahaman tentang target costing, pemahaman tentang kaizen costing dan sejauh mana hasil yang bakal diperoleh dengan menggunakan target dan kaizen costing. Penelitian ini menggabungkan antara target costing dengan kaizen costing untuk pengurangan biaya. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian deskriptif  dengan  jenis  studi kasus pada PT. Victory Garmintex. Penelitian di PT. Victory Garmintex, diawali dengan menentukan tujuan, yaitu usaha kaizen yang berdasarkan harga yang ingin dibayarkan konsumen dan harus dicapai. Setelah itu dimulailah mengidentifikasi dan mengeliminasi pemborosan. Hasilnya adalah dieliminasinya pemborosan dan diminimumkannya pemborosan; pemakaian bahan baku, persediaan bahan baku, proses pengemasan, proses pengepakan, serta pemborosan gerak kerja, dan pemborosan transportasi. Langkah terakhir yang dilakukan adalah mengevaluasi implementasi kaizen costing. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan membandingkan penghematan aktual yang berhasil diperoleh dengan tujuan yang telah ditetapkan di awal.  Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan PT. Victory Garmintex telah berhasil mengurangi biaya produksi perusahaan dengan menggunakan target costing dan kaizen costing. Kata Kunci:  target costing, kaizen costing, pengurangan biaya, pemborosan, eliminasi pemborosan, langkah kecil

scholarly journals Model of Multi Product Classification with Regular Demand on Inventory System in a Raw Material Supply Company

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-178
Author(s):  
Tri Febrion ◽  
Joniarto Parung
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Actual Condition ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Alternative Product ◽  
Product Classification ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Distribution Company ◽  
The Right

The right strategy in inventory is the main point in maintaining adequate and guaranteed supply continuity. Inventory strategies are becoming important but complex when the number of items that must be prepared is increasing. In this regard, it is necessary to analyze the product groupings in several classifications. Prioritized products receive special attention.The same problem is faced by PT PEKA, an import raw material distribution company that has nearly 2000 product items. Based on data demand is known, that the company's demand does not have a fixed pattern. Many products have regular and irregular demand, even the number of regular demand is very volatile. Companies often experience excess stock or vice versa due to lack of stock demand according to predictions, long lead times and product self-life that varies. Related to this, alternative product groupings or classifications are needed in accordance with company conditions. The company currently has frozen and unfrozen products, has items made from natural and non-natural raw materials and has a short and relatively long lead time.PT. PEKA groups products in various stages, which lead to a combination of ABC and XYZ classifications. Demand of priority items generated from the grouping is then forecast according to the model that gives the smallest MSE / MAD. Furthermore, a case study was carried out to calculate the Total Relevance Cost (TRC) from the calculation results to be compared with the real TRC. TRC according to the classification results was Rp. 1,293,370,148, - lower than the actual condition TRC, which amounted to Rp. 1,805,887,874, -

scholarly journals Controlling Vaname Shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei) Raw Material Inventories (Case Study at PT. Grahamakmur Ciptapratama Sidoarjo)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Iffan Maflahah ◽  
Amalia Wahyu Pratiwi ◽  
Asfan
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Inventory Cost ◽  
Inventory Costs ◽  
Point Analysis ◽  
Planning Technique ◽  
Frozen Shrimp ◽  
Red Ginger

Raw material inventory control is used to place orders and ensure that shrimp raw materials arrive in a timely manner in accordance with consumer demand. This will expedite the course of the production process. This research was conducted at PT. Grahamakmur Ciptapratama Sidoarjo with the aim of knowing and analyzing the control of raw red ginger in frozen shrimp products. The method used is the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Method with the Lot For Lot (LFL) Technique. In addition, safety stock analysis, Maximum Inventory, warehouse capacity and Reorder Point analysis were carried out. The results of the study showed that inventory costs using the EOQ technique were lower than the company method or using the LFL technique. The EOQ technique produces an inventory cost of IDR 292,591.00 in 2017 with an order frequency of 105 times and in 2018 of IDR 289,750.00 with a booking frequency of 116 times. In the LFL technique inventory costs are more expensive, but the planning technique in the LFL method can be applied by companies in anticipation of raw material inventory if there is a small inventory. If the company applies the EOQ method, the company purchases raw materials in a larger amount, but the warehouse capacity in the company can still be met, this can be seen from the calculation of Maximum Inventory and warehouse capacity.

scholarly journals Inventory Policy Control Using a Continuous Review Model Based on Information Systems: A Case Study in a Restaurant Industry

OPSI ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Ichsan Sarafi ◽  
Laila Nafisah ◽  
Ahmad Muhsin
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Restaurant Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Optimal Order ◽  
Continuous Review ◽  
Iterative Calculation ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Review Model

The development of information technology has become a necessity for every company, one of which is the optimization of inventory planning. The joint warehouse owned by the Chickenpedia Restaurant which has to supply various types of raw materials to the three restaurant branches often experiences stock outs and has to make emergency orders resulting in losses. For this reason, it is necessary to control the inventory of raw materials in the shared warehouse so that stock outs can be overcome and losses that arise can be minimized. One of them is by using the Continuous Review method. By using this method, the optimal order quantity and reorder point will be obtained. The weakness is iterative calculation and monitoring of raw material stock manually. For this reason, it is necessary to support an information system to speed up and make it easier to calculate when to place an order and how many orders of raw materials to suppliers so as to reduce the occurrence of running out of raw materials. The Information System can also monitor the stock of raw materials every day in real time based on the number of incoming and outgoing goods that enter the application.

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