Experimental implement manufacture and use; a case study from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

1981 ◽  
Vol 292 (1057) ◽  
pp. 189-195 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Technical Level ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Olduvai Gorge

Experiments involving the manufacture and use of stone tools are described. The original tools that served as models came from two sites in upper bed IV at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. The following conclusions are drawn. Widespread use of terms such as ‘crude’ or ‘refined’ in describing stone tools tells us nothing of the technical level achieved by the makers of the assemblages. The different qualities of the available raw materials, the forms in which they occur and how they function when used may have influenced the tool maker’s designs and the morphology of the tools. The experiments suggest uses for the tools that are relevant to our understanding of what is found on some archaeological sites.

scholarly journals The Effect of Raw Material on the Identification of Knapping Skill: a Case Study from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Proffitt ◽  
A. Bargalló ◽  
I. de la Torre
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Olduvai Gorge ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Early Stone Age ◽  
Apparent Variation ◽  
Raw Material Variability

AbstractThe identification of Oldowan hominin knapping skill levels has been a focus of numerous studies, with apparent variation in technical abilities identified between a number of Early Stone Age archaeological sites. Raw material variability, however, can play a significant role in the outcomes of knapping events as well as in the accuracy of analysis. Implications of such variability are yet to be fully understood. Here we present an experimental study to assess the effects that varying raw materials have on the identification of technological attributes typically associated with varying skill levels and whether it is possible to identify knapper skill levels across multiple raw materials. Variation was tested between raw materials from Olduvai Gorge across and between skill levels. The results suggest that knapping skill levels manifest differently in the material record across raw materials. In addition, we suggest that raw material has a significant effect on identifying knapper skill variation. This has implications for future research concerned with identifying knapper skill within and between early assemblages of differing raw materials.

scholarly journals Investigations of potsherds of miniature cups and household pots from the first millennium AD (the case study on the Western Lithuanian ceramics)

Chemija ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimondas Giraitis ◽  
Audronė Bliujienė ◽  
Aušra Selskienė ◽  
Vidas Pakštas
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Smooth Surface ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Composition Point ◽  
Firing Technology ◽  
Materials Used

This article presents data on the structure and elemental composition of hand-built miniature cups with a smooth surface, that were enclosed into burials as funeral pottery, and household pots dated to the first millennium AD found in four different archaeological sites of Western Lithuania. Investigated funeral and household pottery samples reflect the chemical composition of the local raw materials used for their production, while the variations in composition point to different clay locations, as well as use of distinct tempers and peculiarities of ceramics firing technology.

scholarly journals Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Surface Alterations of Stone Tools Made of Raw Materials from the Carpathian Basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Antony Borel ◽  
Raphaël Deltombe ◽  
Julie Marteau ◽  
Philippe Moreau ◽  
Maxence Bigerelle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Reference Collection ◽  
Surface Measurements ◽  
Alteration Processes ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Identification And Characterization ◽  
Experimental Reference

Wear analysis performed on archaeological stone tools from prehistory aims at characterizing their surface alterations in order to determine their functions and describe past human technical behaviors. However, the reliability and repeatability of the method is questioned and there is a major difficulty facing scientists analyzing wear, which is related to proposing quantified and repeatable analyses and interpretations of taphonomic and anthropogenic (related to manufacture and use) evidence. We propose the creation of an experimental reference collection of surface alterations focused primarily on selected stone types commonly found at Hungarian archaeological sites. This collection will allow the characterization of the topographic signatures of manufacture, use, and taphonomic processes. The qualitative (through observation using optical microscopy) and quantitative (through surface measurements using confocal microscopy) analyses will aim at examining: 1) the variability of surface alterations, 2) protocols that can allow the identification and characterization of surface topographic signatures, and 3) the appropriate metrological setups that will allow for each of the alteration processes to be differentiated. We present here the results of the preliminary experiments, which involved flakes for bone and reed processing made of six different raw materials. It has been confirmed that evidence of use can be identified on each one of them. Beyond the presentation of the first images from the reference collection, we briefly present the future phases of the project.

scholarly journals Petrology and Provenance of Lithic Raw Materials used to knap stone: A Case Study From the Inner Ionian Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Magganas ◽  
Nena Galanidou ◽  
Petros Chatzimpaloglou ◽  
Marianna Kati ◽  
Giorgos Iliopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Ionian Sea ◽  
Silica Diagenesis ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Material Provenance ◽  
Pure Sio2

This paper examines the lithology and raw material provenance of knapped stone artifacts recovered from prehistoric sites on Meganisi in the course of the Inner Ionian Sea Archipelago survey. Research was twofold: in the field to map the geology of the island and collect raw material samples, and in the laboratory to conduct a petrological study using LM, XRD, SEM and ICP-MS techniques. The greater part of the materials used to produce stone tools consists of almost pure SiO2, bedded or nodular cherts mainly of Malm–Turonian and Eocene ages. The cherts were collected by prehistoric knappers from local sources. Patinas present on the artifacts are relatively enriched in calcite material of incomplete silica diagenesis and subsequently a product of late weathering and alteration.

scholarly journals Tracing the spatial imprint of Oldowan technological behaviors: A view from DS (Bed I, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254603
Author(s):  
Fernando Diez-Martín ◽  
Lucía Cobo-Sánchez ◽  
Adrian Baddeley ◽  
David Uribelarrea ◽  
Audax Mabulla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stone Tools ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Olduvai Gorge ◽  
Economic Study ◽  
Lithic Assemblage ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Fossil Bones ◽  
Intense Exploitation ◽  
Close Source

DS (David’s site) is one of the new archaeological sites documented in the same paleolandscape in which FLK 22 was deposited at about 1.85 Ma in Olduvai Gorge. Fieldwork in DS has unearthed the largest vertically-discrete archaeological horizon in the African Pleistocene, where a multi-cluster anthropogenic accumulation of fossil bones and stone tools has been identified. In this work we present the results of the techno-economic study of the lithic assemblage recovered from DS. We also explore the spatial magnitude of the technological behaviors documented at this spot using powerful spatial statistical tools to unravel correlations between the spatial distributional patterns of lithic categories. At DS, lavas and quartzite were involved in different technological processes. Volcanic materials, probably transported to this spot from a close source, were introduced in large numbers, including unmodified materials, and used in percussion activities and in a wide variety of reduction strategies. A number of volcanic products were subject to outward fluxes to other parts of the paleolandscape. In contrast, quartzite rocks were introduced in smaller numbers and might have been subject to a significantly more intense exploitation. The intra-site spatial analysis has shown that specialized areas cannot be identified, unmodified materials are not randomly distributed, percussion and knapping categories do not spatially overlap, while bipolar specimens show some sort of spatial correlation with percussion activities.

STRATEGI MENINGKATKAN LOYALITAS KONSUMEN MAKANAN KHAS KOTA CURUP KABUPATEN REJANG LEBONG

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onsardi Onsardi
Keyword(s):  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Consumer Loyalty ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Typical Food ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The title of this study is the Strategy of Increasing Consumer Food Loyalty in CurupCity, Rejang Lebong Regency (Case Study in "Henvian" Typical Food Industry). Thisresearch is based on the importance of strategies in increasing business and consumerloyalty to products sold.Strategies to increase business and consumer loyalty can bedone with a SWOT analysis. Place of this research is the "Henvian" shop that sellstypical Rejang lebong food. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative.Informants in this study were people who were considered to know for certain about theHENVIAN Specialty Food Store in Curup City, Rejang Lebong Regency. The dataanalysis technique used in this study is a SWOT analysis to determine the strengths,weaknesses, opportunities and threats in a typical Rejang Lebong food business.By using SWOT analysis techniques that consist of strengths (weakness), weaknesses(weakness), opportunities (opportnity) and threats (threath). The results of this studycan be concluded that the internal factors that are the strength of the marketing strategyare the quality of the product that is good at a price affordable to the public andtourists, service that is friendly and responsive to consumer needs, as well astechnological advancements that facilitate the promotion of business. Internal factorsthat are a weakness are often lack of stock, there are some products that do not meet thestandard packaging, the product shelf life is short, employees do not use uniforms.External factors that become opportunities are a fairly high economic community,abundant raw materials while external factors that are a threat are the manycompetitors, an unstable economy, the price of basic needs increases. Based on theresults of the SWOT analysis of internal and external factors, the strategy used is toimprove product quality by improving the appearance of packaging and quality ofcontent and quality of service by providing uniforms to employees and providingstandards of service to consumers. .Keywords: Strategy, Consumer Loyalty, SWOT

A LOOK INTO THE EARTH: EVALUATING THE USE OF MAGNETIC SURVEY IN AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Magnavita ◽  
Norbert Schleifer
Keyword(s):  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Magnetic Survey ◽  
The Past ◽  
Common Technique ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Prehistoric Settlements ◽  
Present Case Study

In the last decades, geophysical methods such as magnetic survey have become a common technique for prospecting archaeological sites. At sub-Saharan archaeological sites, however, magnetic survey and correlated techniques never came into broad use and there are no signs for an immediate change of this situation. This paper examines the magnetic survey undertaken on the Nigerian site of Zilum, a settlement of the Gajiganna Culture (ca 1800-400 BC) located in the Chad Basin and dated to ca 600-400 BC. By means of the present case study, we demonstrate the significance of this particular type of investigation in yielding complementary data for understanding the character of prehistoric settlements. In conclusion, we point out that geophysical methods should play a more important role in modern archaeological field research, as they furnish a class of documentation not achievable by traditional survey and excavation methods, thus creating new perspectives for interpreting the past of African societies.

scholarly journals Using Enterprise Architecture to Integrate Lean Manufacturing, Digitalization, and Sustainability: A Lean Enterprise Case Study in the Chemical Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4851
Author(s):  
Ming-Hui Liao ◽  
Chi-Tai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Lean Manufacturing ◽  
Enterprise Architecture ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Core Competencies ◽  
Sustainable Business ◽  
Business Transformation ◽  
Lean Enterprise ◽  
Architecture Framework

The chemical industry has sustained the development of global economies by providing an astonishing variety of products and services, while also consuming massive amounts of raw materials and energy. Chemical firms are currently under tremendous pressure to become lean enterprises capable of executing not only traditional lean manufacturing practices but also emerging competing strategies of digitalization and sustainability. All of these are core competencies required for chemical firms to compete and thrive in future markets. Unfortunately, reports of successful transformation are so rare among chemical firms that acquiring the details of these cases would seem an almost impossible mission. The severe lack of knowledge about these business transformations thus provided a strong motivation for this research. Using The Open Group Architecture Framework, we performed an in-depth study on a real business transformation occurring at a major international chemical corporation, extracting the architecture framework possibly adopted by this firm to become a lean enterprise. This comprehensive case study resulted in two major contributions to the field of sustainable business transformation: (1) a custom lean enterprise architecture framework applicable to common chemical firms making a similar transformation, and (2) a lean enterprise model developed to assist chemical firms in comprehending the intricate and complicated dynamics between lean manufacturing, digitalization, and sustainability.

scholarly journals Multitemporal–Multispectral UAS Surveys for Archaeological Research: The Case Study of San Vincenzo Al Volturno (Molise, Italy)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2719
Author(s):  
Nicodemo Abate ◽  
Alessia Frisetti ◽  
Federico Marazzi ◽  
Nicola Masini ◽  
Rosa Lasaponara
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Medieval Art ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Low Altitude

Unmanned aerial vehicles are currently the most used solution for cultural heritage in the field of close range and low altitude acquisitions. This work shows data acquired by multitemporal and multispectral aerial surveys in the archaeological site of San Vincenzo al Volturno (Molise, Italy). The site is one of the most important medieval archaeological sites in the world. It is a monastic settlement that was particularly rich during the early Middle Ages, and is famous for its two full-frescoed crypts which represent a milestone in the history of medieval art. Thanks to the use of multispectral aerial photography at different times of the year, an area not accessible to archaeological excavation has been investigated. To avoid redundancy of information and reduce the number of data to be analysed, a method based on spectral and radiometric enhancement techniques combined with a selective principal component analysis was used for the identification of useful information. The combination of already published archaeological data and new remote sensing discoveries, has allowed to better define the situation of the abbey during the building phases of the 8th/9th century and 11th century, confirming and adding new data to the assumptions made by archaeologists.

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