scholarly journals How Healthy and Unhealthy Values Predict Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being: Dissecting Value-Related Beliefs and Behaviours

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Bojanowska ◽  
Łukasz D. Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Independent Predictor ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Strong Link ◽  
Self Transcendence

AbstractDespite a strong link between values and well-being, little is known about dimensions moderating this link, e.g., whether individuals who act upon their values experience greater well-being for healthy values (e.g., self-transcendence) and lower well-being for unhealthy values (e.g., self-enhancement). Moreover, research on values and value-related behavior has rarely accounted for hedonic and eudaimonic well-being at the same time. Thus, we aimed to examine how values, value-related behaviors, and their interaction relate to hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. We expected that ‘healthy’ values would correspond with higher well-being and unhealthy values with lower well-being. A community sample representative of young adults (N = 1161) reported their values, value-related behavior, and well-being. We found that for most values, behavior was an additional independent predictor of well-being related either to even more (e.g., self-transcendence) or less (e.g., self-enhancement) positive outcomes. For some values, behavior moderated the link between beliefs and well-being by boosting (self-transcendence) or suppressing it (conservation). We also found different links between hedonic versus eudaimonic well-being, e.g., self-enhancement and openness to change. This study presents the importance of asking about value-related beliefs, behaviors, their congruence, and specific facets of well-being when analyzing the value and well-being link. We conclude that some values are best for well-being when they remain passive, with little accompanying behaviors (self-enhancement or conservation), whereas others provide more benefits when individuals act upon them (self-transcendence).

High Anger Expression is Associated with Reduced Cortisol Awakening Response and Health Complaints in Healthy Young Adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángel Romero-Martínez ◽  
Luis Moya-Albiol
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Personal Growth ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Anger Expression ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cortisol Awakening Response ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Reported Health

AbstractThe extant evidence suggests a robust positive association between expression (anger expression-out) and suppression (anger expression-in) of anger and compromised health. Nevertheless, the underlying psychobiological mechanisms which explain these relationships are not well understood. This study examined whether anger expression would predict general health, cortisol awakening response (CAR) and evening cortisol levels in a community sample of 156 healthy young adults of both genders. Participants were distributed into two groups according to their anger expression scores: high and low anger expression (HAE and LAE, respectively). Findings indicated that those with HAE had worse self-reported health (p = .02) and higher CAR than the LAE group (p = .04). Moreover, high levels of anger expression-out (p < .01) and -in (p < .01, for all) predicted a worse self-reported health in both groups. On the other hand, high anger expression-out was associated with flattened CAR but only in the HAE group (p < .01). This study reinforces the need to develop effective strategies to provide mechanisms to regulate anger expression by promoting personal growth and positive skills that enhance individuals’ well-being and quality of life and, in turn, their own health.

scholarly journals Values that Underlie and Undermine Well–Being: Variability across Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florencia M. Sortheix ◽  
Shalom H. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Conservation Values ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Context Shapes ◽  
Self Protection

We examined relations of 10 personal values to life satisfaction (LS) and depressive affect (DEP) in representative samples from 32/25 countries ( N = 121 495). We tested hypotheses both for direct relations and cross–level moderation of relations by Cultural Egalitarianism. We based hypotheses on the growth versus self–protection orientation and person–focus versus social–focus motivations that underlie values. As predicted, openness to change values (growth/person) correlated positively with subjective well–being (SWB: higher LS, lower DEP) and conservation values (self–protection/social) correlated negatively with SWB. The combination of underlying motivations also explained more complex direct relations of self–transcendence and self–enhancement values with SWB. We combined an analysis of the environmental context in societies low versus high in Cultural Egalitarianism with the implications of pursuing person–focused versus social–focused values to predict how Cultural Egalitarianism moderates value–SWB relations. As predicted, under low versus high Cultural Egalitarianism, (i) openness to change values related more positively to SWB, (ii) conservation values more negatively, (iii) self–enhancement values less negatively and (iv) self–transcendence values less positively. Culture moderated value–SWB relations more weakly for DEP than for LS. Culture moderated value–LS relations more strongly than the socio–economic context did. This study demonstrates how the cultural context shapes individual–level associations between values and SWB. Copyright © 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Human Character in the IPIP: Towards Shorter, More Content-Valid, and Cross-Culturally Comparable IPIP-VIA Character Strength Scales

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Bluemke ◽  
Melanie Viola Partsch ◽  
Gerard Saucier ◽  
Clemens M. Lechner
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Character Strengths ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Personality Item ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Using Data

The “Values in Action” (VIA) framework is currently the most prominent approach to conceptualizing human character. VIA posits 24 character strengths that are purportedly valued across cultures and promote the well-being of both individuals and communities. However, unresolved limitations in the assessment of these character strengths continue to hamper theoretical progress in research on human character based on the VIA framework. Here we sought to lay a new foundation for ad-vanced assessment of strengths by refining and extensively validating an existing open-science inventory from the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP). Using data from a U.S. community sample and four quota samples from the United Kingdom and Germany, we investigated whether valid, cross-culturally comparable, and economical assessment of the VIA character strengths is possible with the IPIP. Experts selected suitable items with the aim to obtain 24 balanced-keyed short scales. Different experts then translated these items to German. Through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, we established essential unidimensionality and well-fitting measure-ment models for each scale. All scales achieved at least partial scalar invariance across languages. Reliability estimates were satisfactory. Extensive analyses of the strengths’ nomological network placed character strengths between Big Five personality traits and basic human values, confirming that VIA strengths emphasize self-transcendence rather than self-enhancement. With few excep-tions, the 24 character strengths scales were sufficiently distinct from the Big Five, and many showed incremental predictive validity, also for “good life” criteria. The 96-item inventory “IPIP-VIA-R” offers a sound and fully open-science approach to future research on character strengths.

Toward the Extension of Antecedents of Compulsive Buying: The Influence of Personal Values Theory

2020 ◽  
pp. 003329412095977
Author(s):  
Piotr Tarka ◽  
Richard J. Harnish
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Compulsive Buying ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Polish Version ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Value Model ◽  
Buying In

Although a great deal of research has been conducted on compulsive buying, little if any, research has explored compulsive buying from a wider theoretical perspective, encompassing all types of values as potential drivers of compulsive buying. In particular, no comprehensive research has been conducted in the diagnosis of mechanisms that direct the development of compulsive buying from the perspective of personal values theory. Thus, the objective of the current research was to explore compulsive buying within Schwartz’s value model, as well as examining the role particular values play as predictors of compulsive buying. Data were obtained from randomly selected students (young adults), whose ages ranged from 17 to 25 years-old, enrolled at professional and high schools, and at universities in Poland. Personal values were measured by the Polish version of Personal Values Questionnaire, while compulsive buying propensity was assessed by the Polish version of the Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale. Generally, the study’s hypotheses were supported by SEM analysis. That is, those who held values comprising “Self-Enhancement” and “Openness to Change” were more likely to be compulsive buyers. In contrast, those who held values comprising “Self-Transcendence” and “Conservation” were more likely to be non-compulsive buyers. Compulsive buyers were more self-focused, hedonistic, power- and achievement-oriented than non-compulsive buyers. Finally, values that emphasized importance of communal rather than individualistic goals appeared to prevent compulsive buying.

scholarly journals Connection between basic values and emigration attitudes of Russian youth

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-333
Author(s):  
Zhanagul Zh. Romasheva ◽  
◽  
Olga V. Kalinichenko ◽  
Ivan V. Malyshev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Personal Attitudes ◽  
Youth Attitudes

The ambiguity and inconsistency of the data on the connection between emigration attitudes and metavalues spurs the research on the relation between emigration attitudes and basic values. Hence, the problem of studying the deterministic character of youth attitudes to emigration is seen as of relevance. The purpose of this research is to determine the nature of the connection between basic values and emigration attitudes. Hypotheses: 1. The basic values that make up metavalues act as the predictors of emigration attitudes. 2. The basic values constituting the contrastive metavalues of Preservation and Openness to Change are simultaneously connected with emigration attitudes, and the nature of their connections is different. 3. The basic values constituting the metavalue of Self-Affirmation have a positive correlation with emigration attitudes. The study is carried out on a sample of respondents (N = 646) aged 17 to 35, including 78% (504) of women. The research applies the “Scales of Migration Attitudes” (S. A. Kuznetsova, I. Yu. Kuznetsov, A. V. Feshchenko) modified to study emigration attitudes. The study also uses PVQ-21–ESS7 versions of the questionnaire measuring individual values (Sh. Schwartz) which enables to document the degree of expression of values. Finally, the research makes use of the method of multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that the attitude of the subject is the most pronounced one among all other components of emigration attitudes (the attitude of the loved ones, the expectations of the loved ones). Basic values have a major impact on the revealed connections between emigration attitudes and metavalues. For example, the values of tradition and security have a negative correlation with the metavalue of Preservation. The values of stimulation have a positive correlation with the metavalue of Openness to Change. The values of power have a positive correlation with the metavalue of Self-Affirmation. Evidently, young adults are more likely to plan to emigrate due to their personal attitudes and motives rather than to those of their close environment. Attitudes towards emigration are expressed by those young adults who: 1) are less focused on traditions and customs but appreciate security; 2) strive to enrich their lives with new sensations and emotions; 3) appreciate material well-being. The results of the study reveal the factors contributing to the emergence of attitudes to emigration in young adults. The results of the study can be used to predict international mobility of young adults. Additionally, they are of importance for the psychological work with potential emigrants.

scholarly journals The longitudinal interplay between personal values and subjective well-being: A registered report

2021 ◽  
pp. 089020702110129
Author(s):  
Michael P Grosz ◽  
Shalom H Schwartz ◽  
Clemens M Lechner
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effect ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Lagged Effects ◽  
Self Transcendence

A large body of cross-sectional research on personal values and subjective well-being has inspired theories of the interplay between personal values and subjective well-being. In this registered report, we investigated which of these theories fit best with the longitudinal associations between values and cognitive and affective subjective well-being. We hypothesized that openness-to-change values have a causal effect on subjective well-being and that subjective well-being, in turn, has a causal effect on openness-to-change values. We analyzed 12 waves of a German panel study ( N = 9,723) with random intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM). Partly consistent with our hypotheses, all four six-month cross-lagged effects and one of four 18-month cross-lagged effects from openness-to-change values to subjective well-being and vice versa were statistically significant. Neither openness-to-change values nor subjective well-being appeared to be causally predominant over the other. Additional exploratory analyses yielded little evidence for cross-lagged effects from conservation, self-transcendence, and self-enhancement to subjective well-being or vice versa. Overall, our findings are compatible with theorized bidirectional influences between openness-to-change values and subjective well-being. Time-varying confounders might provide an alternative explanation for the cross-lagged associations that we could not rule out. We conclude with directions for further theory-driven research on the values–subjective well-being interface.

scholarly journals Insomnia Mediates the Association between Eveningness and Suicidal Ideation, Defeat, Entrapment, and Psychological Distress in Young Adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny Royston Russel Bradford ◽  
Stephany Biello ◽  
KIrsten Russell
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Affective Outcomes ◽  
Increased Risk

Chronotype describes a person's general preference for mornings, evenings or neither. It is typically conceptualized as a continuous unidimensional spectrum from morningness to eveningness. Eveningness is associated with poorer outcomes across a myriad of physical and mental health outcomes. This preference for later sleep and wake times is associated with increased risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation and behaviors in both clinical and community samples. However, the mechanisms underlying the negative consequences of this preference for evenings is not fully understood. Previous research has found that sleep disturbances may act as a mediator of this relationship. The present study aimed to explore the associations between chronotype and affective outcomes in a community sample of young adults. Additionally, it aimed to investigate the potential role of insomnia as a mediator within these relationships. Participants (n = 260) completed an anonymous self-report survey of validated measures online which assessed chronotype, insomnia symptoms, and a range of affective outcomes (defeat, entrapment, stress, suicide risk, and depressive and anxious symptomology). Eveningness was associated with more severe or frequent experiences of these outcomes, with young adults demonstrating a preference for eveningness more likely to report poorer affective functioning and increased psychological distress. Mediation analysis found the relationship between chronotype and these outcome measures were partially mediated by sleep disturbances as measured by the well-validated Sleep Condition Indicator insomnia scale. Taken together, these findings add further evidence for the negative consequences of increased eveningness. Additionally, our results show that chronotype and sleep disturbances should be considered when assessing mental well-being. Implementing appropriate sleep-related behavior change or schedule alterations can offer a tool for mitigation or prevention psychological distress in young adults who report a preference for later sleep and wake times.

scholarly journals Ethics-Relevant Values as Antecedents of Personality Change: Longitudinal Findings from the Life and Time Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber Gayle Thalmayer ◽  
Gerard Saucier ◽  
John C. Flournoy ◽  
Sanjay Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Community Sample ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Time Study ◽  
National Community ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Value Priorities ◽  
Growth And Change ◽  
Self Transcendence

What leads personality to develop in adulthood? Values, guiding principles that apply across contexts, may capture motivation for growth and change. An essentialist trait perspective posits that personality changes only as a result of organic factors. But evidence suggests that psychosocial factors also influence personality change, especially during young adulthood. In the Life and Time study of sources of personality change in adulthood, we specifically explore ethically-relevant value priorities, those related to the relative prioritization of narrow self-interest over the concerns of a larger community. According to Rollo May (1967), “mature values”, including aspects of both self-transcendence and self-determination, should serve to diminish or prevent neurotic anxiety. This is consistent with research on materialism, which is associated with lower well-being. An index based on May’s proposal and several related constructs (materialism, unmitigated self-interest, collectivism and individualism) are tested longitudinally as possible antecedents of Big Five/Six personality trait change using bivariate LCMSR models in a national community sample (N = 864 at Time 1). Contrary to an essentialist trait perspective, these value priorities more often preceded change in personality traits than vice-versa. Somewhat consistent with May’s theory, higher “mature” values preceded higher openness (statistically significant at the p &lt; .005 level). Higher vertical individualism significantly preceded lower compassion, intellect and openness. At the suggestive (p &lt; .05) level, higher unmitigated self-interest preceded lower conscientiousness, higher vertical individualism preceded higher volatility, higher mature values preceded higher honesty/propriety and politeness, higher horizontal collectivism preceded higher orderliness, agreeableness, and assertiveness and lower intellect, and higher horizontal individualism preceded lower withdrawal. In two of three cases, suggestive personality-as-antecedent-of-values-change effects were reciprocal with the values-effects: higher conscientiousness scores reciprocally preceded lower unmitigated self-interest, and higher volatility higher vertical individualism. No significant or suggestive “stand-alone”, non-reciprocal personality on values effects were found.

Does Ego-Resilience Impact Friendship Outcomes?

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B. Lozano ◽  
Mahzad Hojjat ◽  
Judith Sims-Knight
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Ego Resilience ◽  
Maintenance Behaviors ◽  
Received Social Support ◽  
Trait Resilience ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The present study examined the relationship between resilience and positive outcomes in friendships of young adults. SEM and bootstrapping analyses were performed to test whether positive emotions mediate the relationship between ego-resilience and enhanced friendship outcomes. Findings revealed indirect effects for friendship closeness, maintenance behaviors, and received social support. Our findings demonstrate the importance of positive emotions and its connection with trait resilience in the realm of friendships.

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