Why Do Immigrant and Swedish Adolescents Engage in Ethnic Victimization? Common and Distinct Underlying Factors

AbstractYouth of immigrant background are at risk of experiencing victimization due to their ethnic or cultural background. However, limited knowledge is available regarding why youth victimize their immigrant peers, and whether the factors associated with engagement in ethnic victimization vary across adolescents of different background. To address this gap in knowledge, the present study aimed to elucidate the common or differential factors associated with engagement in ethnic victimization among immigrant and native youth. The analytical sample included seventh grade students residing in Sweden from 55 classrooms (N = 963, Mage = 13.11, SD = 0.41; 46% girls; 38% youth of immigrant background). The results showed that being morally disengaged and engaging in general victimization are the common denominators of engagement in ethnic victimization for immigrant and Swedish youth. Low levels of positive attitudes toward immigrants provide a foundation for ethnic victimization among Swedish youth, but not youth of immigrant background. Classroom ethnic composition was not significantly related to engagement in ethnic victimization in either group. Predictors of engagement in ethnic victimization seem to have similarities and differences among immigrant and Swedish youth. The factors involved require further attention in developing strategies to combat bias-based hostile behaviors in diverse school settings.

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Framing Unauthorized Immigrants: The Effects of Labels on Evaluations

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/17.pr0.114k20w0 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 114 (2) ◽

pp. 461-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Reidar Ommundsen ◽

Knud S. Larsen ◽

Kees van der Veer ◽

Dag-Erik Eilertsen

Keyword(s):

Undergraduate Students ◽

Undocumented Immigrants ◽

Illegal Immigrants ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Attitudes Toward Immigrants ◽

Illegal Aliens ◽

Immigrant Background ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Unauthorized Immigration ◽

People’S Attitudes

In the U.S. media, unauthorized immigrants are often interchangeably referred to as “illegal aliens,” “illegal immigrants,” and undocumented immigrants.” In spite of formal equivalence, these terms carry different connotations, but the effects of these labels on people's attitudes toward immigrants are not well documented. In this replication study, 274 undergraduate students in psychology responded to one of three randomly distributed versions of a 20-item scale measuring attitudes toward unauthorized immigration. The items in the three scale versions varyingly referred to immigrants using the three terms. Results showed differences in attitudes toward unauthorized immigration between all experimental conditions. The label “illegal immigrants” yielded significantly less positive attitudes compared to the label “undocumented immigrants,” and respondents exposed to the label “illegal aliens” showed the most positive attitudes. Furthermore, the effects of the experimental conditions were not moderated by the respondents' patriotism, sex, or own immigrant background.

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Factors associated with low levels of patient satisfaction following peripheral nerve block

Anaesthesia and Intensive Care ◽

10.1177/0310057x20972404 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0310057X2097240

Author(s):

Anthony D Hade ◽

Satomi Okano ◽

Anita Pelecanos ◽

Adrian Chin

Keyword(s):

Patient Satisfaction ◽

Peripheral Nerve ◽

Nerve Block ◽

Peripheral Nerve Block ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Post Anaesthesia Care Unit ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Low Levels ◽

Anaesthesia Care

Peripheral nerve blocks can provide surgical anaesthesia as well as excellent postoperative analgesia. When questioned postoperatively, however, some patients report low levels of satisfaction with their nerve block experience. At our hospital, patients undergoing regional anaesthesia have their patient characteristics, block characteristics and postoperative feedback routinely recorded in a block registry. We analysed data from 979 consecutive patients undergoing peripheral nerve block for orthopaedic surgery to identify factors associated with low levels of patient satisfaction. The primary outcome was patient satisfaction with their peripheral nerve block (scale 1–5: 4–5 is ‘satisfied’, 1–3 is ‘not satisfied’). Eighty-nine percent (871/979) of patients reported being ‘satisfied’ with their block. Factors negatively associated with patient satisfaction were rebound pain (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04 to 0.85 for moderate rebound pain; aOR 0.11, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.48 for severe rebound pain), discomfort during the block (aOR 0.37, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.82 for moderate discomfort; aOR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.76 for severe discomfort) and pain in the post-anaesthesia care unit (aOR 0.30, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.55 for pain ≥8/10). Only 24% (26/108) of patients who reported being ‘not satisfied’ stated that they would be unwilling to undergo a hypothetical future nerve block. Rebound pain of at least moderate intensity, procedural discomfort of at least moderate intensity and severe pain in the post-anaesthesia care unit are all negatively associated with patient satisfaction. Of these factors, rebound pain occurs most frequently, being present in 52% (403/777) of our respondents.

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Evaluation of Gas-Liquid Chromatography in Assays for Blood Volatiles

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/11.11.1023 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1023-1035 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Alan Mather ◽

Angel Assimos

Keyword(s):

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Alcohol Concentration ◽

Quantitative Assay ◽

Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽

Internal Reference ◽

Detection And Identification ◽

Large Populations ◽

The Common ◽

Low Levels ◽

Better Than

Abstract A simple screening by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) can provide definitive answers in the detection and identification of a number of volatile substances, including acetone and the common alcohols. After identification, quantitative assay by an internal-reference technic yields highly specific values for ethyl alcohol concentration with a precision at least equal to (and for low levels, better than) that of conventional assays. The unique advantage of GLC is in its simultaneous quantitative assay of mixtures, some of which cannot be satisfactorily assayed or even recognized in any other way. The combination of speed and negligible sample volumes render the technic valuable for sequential studies on capillary blood samples and, potentially, for mass screening of large populations.

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Potentially Creative Adolescents View Their School Experiences

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1982.51.3f.1271 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 51 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1271-1274

Author(s):

William J. Walker

Keyword(s):

Educational Experiences ◽

School Experiences ◽

School Environments ◽

Traditional School ◽

School Settings ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Open School

The expectation was that 62 potentially creative adolescents would exhibit attitudes that were more positive toward their school experiences in open school environments as compared with more traditional school settings. Attitudes were assessed by rating students' essays in which the adolescents described their educational experiences. The results suggested that potentially creative adolescents generally have positive attitudes toward their school experiences whether in open or traditional settings. Attitudes do not appear to be more positive in open school environments.

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Family, Neighborhood, and School Settings across Seasons: When Do Socioeconomic Context and Racial Composition Matter for the Reading Achievement Growth of Young Children?

Teachers College Record ◽

10.1177/016146811011200505 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 112 (5) ◽

pp. 1338-1390 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

James Benson ◽

Geoffrey D. Borman

Keyword(s):

Social Context ◽

Reading Achievement ◽

Young Children ◽

First Grade ◽

Ethnic Composition ◽

School Entry ◽

Reading Growth ◽

School Settings ◽

Achievement Growth ◽

Nationally Representative

Background/Context Seasonal researchers have developed a theory and hypotheses regarding the importance of neighborhood and school contexts for early childhood learning but have not possessed nationally representative data and precise contextual measures with which to examine their hypotheses. Purpose/Research Questions This empirical study employs a seasonal perspective to assess the degree to which social context and race/ethnic composition—in neighborhoods and schools—affect the reading achievement growth of young children. The authors ask, Were there specific seasons when context and/or composition were particularly salient for reading achievement? Also, did accounting for context and composition challenge established appraisals of the relationship between family factors and achievement? Population Data for a nationally representative sample of students proceeding through kindergarten and first grade came from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K). Neighborhood social and race/ethnic measures came from the 2000 Census. Research Design: This quantitative study employs a three-level model that assesses reading achievement at school entry and during three subsequent seasons. The model represents reading achievement as a time-varying process at level 1, conditional upon family socio/demographic factors at level 2, and dependent on social context and race/ethnic composition at level 3. Findings/Results Neighborhood social context mattered substantially for students’ reading achievement levels at school entry and for their reading achievement growth during the summer. The proportion of neighborhood residents from minority race/ethnic groups was not associated with reading achievement at school entry or during the summer season. During the school year, school social context was associated with reading growth during kindergarten, and school social context and race/ethnic composition were associated with reading growth during first grade. Conclusions/Recommendations The magnitude and frequency of contextual effects found in this national sample have considerable implications for achieving educational equality in the United States. The authors recommend that policy makers attend to the quality of neighborhood and school settings as a means of promoting literacy development for young children.

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Influence on attitudes and lifestyle due to lockdown amidst COVID-19 pandemic: a perception-based analysis among Bangladeshi residents

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-12012-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Md. Saiful Islam ◽

Md. Asad Ullah ◽

Ummay Soumayia Islam ◽

Sahadat Hossain ◽

Yusha Araf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Associated Factors ◽

Formal Education ◽

Rural Residence ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

The Mean ◽

Structured Questionnaire

Abstract Background Countrywide lockdown or stay-at-home order has been implemented to slow down the transmission of emergent coronavirus. However, the influence on attitudes and lifestyle due to lockdown amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been poorly understood. The present study aimed to investigate the influence on attitudes and lifestyle due to lockdown amidst the COVID-19 pandemic among Bangladeshi residents. Methods A cross-sectional survey carried out involving 1635 community dwellers across eight divisions in Bangladesh conducted from April 15, 2020 to May 10, 2020. A structured questionnaire incorporating socio-demographic, attitudes towards lockdown and adverse lifestyle amidst lockdown measures was employed to collect data using the Google Forms. Multiple regression analyses were executed to determine the associated factors of positive attitudes towards lockdown and adverse lifestyle. Results The mean scores of attitudes towards lockdown were 67.9 (SD = 8.4) out of 85 with an overall correct rate (positive attitudes) of 79.9%; whereas the mean scores of adverse lifestyle amidst lockdown were 16.1 (SD = 4.8) out of 34 with an overall rate of 47.4%. The factors associated with more positive attitudes towards lockdown included being female, divorced, higher educated, and students. Conversely, being male, having no formal education, and rural residence were associated factors of adverse lifestyle amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions The findings reflect how the COVID-19 lockdown has preciously impacted the attitudes, and lifestyle of Bangladeshi citizens, which will contribute to promoting appropriate measures during a subsequent zonal or complete lockdown.

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The course of social media use problems in secondary school adolescents: A latent class growth analysis

10.31219/osf.io/4dzns ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maartje Boer ◽

gonneke stevens ◽

Catrin Finkenauer ◽

Regina van den Eijnden

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Secondary School ◽

Growth Analysis ◽

Latent Class ◽

Media Use ◽

Latent Class Growth Analysis ◽

Social Media Use ◽

Immigrant Background ◽

Low Levels ◽

Latent Class Growth

Little is known about how addiction-like social media use (SMU) problems evolve over time. Using four waves of longitudinal data collected in 2015-2019 from 1,414 adolescents (Mage = 12.5, 46.0% girl, 21.9% immigrant background), this study aimed to identify adolescents’ trajectories of SMU problems in parallel with their trajectories of SMU intensity. Latent class growth analysis identified two subgroups with persistently high levels of SMU problems, of which one with high (24.7%) and one with average SMU intensity (14.8%), and two subgroups with persistently low levels of SMU problems, of which one with low (22.3%) and one with high SMU intensity (38.2%). Compared to the largest subgroup, the two subgroups with high levels of SMU problems showed more problematic profiles.

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Factors Associated with Stunting among Children under 5 Years in Five South Asian Countries (2014–2018): Analysis of Demographic Health Surveys

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12123875 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 3875

Author(s):

Nidhi Wali ◽

Kingsley E. Agho ◽

Andre M.N. Renzaho

Keyword(s):

South Asia ◽

Health Surveys ◽

Age Groups ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Sampling Weights ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Child Undernutrition ◽

The Common ◽

Nutrition Sensitive ◽

Children Under 5

South Asia continues to be the global hub for child undernutrition with 35% of children still stunted in 2017. This paper aimed to identify factors associated with stunting among children aged 0–23 months, 24–59 months, and 0–59 months in South Asia. A weighted sample of 564,518 children aged 0–59 months from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (2014–2018) was combined of five countries in South Asia. Multiple logistic regression analyses that adjusted for clustering and sampling weights were used to examine associated factors. The common factors associated with stunting in three age groups were mothers with no schooling ([adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for 0–23 months = 1.65; 95% CI: (1.29, 2.13)]; [AOR for 24–59 months = AOR = 1.46; 95% CI: (1.27, 1. 69)] and [AOR for 0–59 months = AOR = 1.59; 95% CI: (1.34, 1. 88)]) and maternal short stature (height < 150 cm) ([AOR for 0–23 months = 2.00; 95% CI: (1.51, 2.65)]; [AOR for 24–59 months = 3.63; 95% CI: (2.87, 4.60)] and [AOR for 0–59 months = 2.87; 95% CI: (2.37, 3.48)]). Study findings suggest the need for a balanced and integrated nutrition strategy that incorporates nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions with an increased focus on interventions for children aged 24–59 months.

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Prejudice toward immigrants in student and community samples

Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research ◽

10.1108/jacpr-03-2016-0217 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 290-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Emily F. Wood ◽

Monica K. Miller

Keyword(s):

Community Sample ◽

Political Orientation ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

Content Type ◽

Attitudes Toward Immigrants ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

The Usa ◽

Causes Of Crime ◽

Attributional Complexity ◽

Prejudicial Attitudes

Purpose The number of immigrants in the USA has increased steadily in recent decades. Two studies investigated individual differences that relate to attitudes toward immigrants in student and community samples. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach US university students and a community sampler were surveyed. Findings In both samples, higher scores on attributional complexity were associated with more positive attitudes toward immigrants and individuals who make dispositional attributions for the causes of crime and/or who are higher in faith in intuition tended to have more negative attitudes. Political orientation was a significant predictor in both samples; being more liberal and identifying as a Democrat compared to a Republican was related to more positive attitudes. Higher need for cognition scores were associated with more positive attitudes and higher legal authoritarianism scores were associated with more negative attitudes; however these were only significant predictors in the community sample. Originality/value Prejudicial attitudes toward immigrants can have adverse effects on immigrants in the realms of the legal system, workplace, healthcare, and education.

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