scholarly journals Local and landscape features constrain the trait and taxonomic diversity of urban bees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamutahl Cohen ◽  
Monika Egerer ◽  
Summer-Solstice Thomas ◽  
Stacy M. Philpott
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Wild Bees ◽  
Landscape Features ◽  
Landscape Scales ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Context There is concern that urbanization threatens bees, a diverse group of economic importance. The impact of urbanization on bees is likely mediated by their phenotypic traits. Objectives We examine how urban cover and resource availability at local and landscape scales influences both species taxonomic and functional diversity in bees. Methods We used a combination of aerial netting and pan traps across six sampling periods to collect wild bees in 18 urban gardens spanning more than 125 km of the California central coast. We identified 3537 specimens to genus and, when possible, to species to obtain species richness and abundance at each site. For each species we measured a suite of bee traits, including body size, sociality, nesting location, nesting behavior, pollen-carrying structure, parasitism, and lecty. Results We found that increased garden size was positively associated with bee species richness and abundance. Somewhat counterintuitively, we found that urban cover surrounding gardens (2 km) was positively associated with bee species richness. Urban cover was also associated with the prevalence of certain bee traits, such as bees that excavate nests over those who rent, and bees with non-corbiculate structures. We suggest that urban habitats such as gardens can host a high number of bee species, but urbanization selects for species with specific traits. Conclusions These findings illustrate that local and landscape features both influence bee abundance, species richness, and the frequency of specific traits. We highlight the importance of trait-based approaches for assessing biodiversity in urban landscapes, and suggest conceptualizing urbanization as a process of habitat change rather than habitat loss.

scholarly journals Effect of Urbanization on Vegetation in Riparian Area: Plant Communities in Artificial and Semi-Natural Habitats

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Cao ◽  
Yosihiro Natuhara
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Impervious Surface ◽  
Riparian Areas ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Artificial Habitats ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact

Riparian areas are local hot spots of biodiversity that are vulnerable and easily degraded. Comparing plant communities in habitats with different degrees of urbanization may provide valuable information for the management and restoration of these vulnerable habitats. In this study, we explored the impact of urbanization on vegetation communities between artificial and semi-natural habitats within two rivers with different levels of development. We compared species richness, types of vegetation, and composition patterns of the plants in our study. In artificial habitats, the sites with relatively high levels of urbanization had the highest species richness, while in semi-natural habitats, the highest species richness was recorded in the less urbanized sites. Furthermore, every component of urbanization that contributed to the variation of species richness was examined in the current study. In artificial habitats, the proportion of impervious surface was the strongest predictor of the variation in species richness and was associated with the richness of alien, native, and riparian species. In semi-natural habitats, most of the richness of alien and native species were associated with the distance to the city center, and the number of riparian and ruderal species was significantly related to the proportion of impervious surface. Moreover, we found that a high level of urbanization was always associated with a large abundance of alien and ruderal species in both artificial and in semi-natural habitats. We recommend the methods of pair comparison of multiple rivers to analyze the impact of urbanization on plant species in riparian areas and have suggested various management actions for maintaining biodiversity and sustainability in riparian ecosystems.

scholarly journals Diversity and distribution of testate amoebae (Amoebozoa, Rhizaria) in reservoirs, Northeastern Bulgaria

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-99
Author(s):  
Rositsa Davidova ◽  
Senay Sevginov
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Testate Amoebae ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The aim of the study is to describe the testate amoebae fauna in seven reservoirs in the Northeastern Bulgaria and to investigate the relationship of taxonomic diversity and abundance of these organisms to the some characteristics of the reservoirs. A total of 52 species, varieties and forms belonging to 15 genera were identified in the benthal of the coastal zone. There are significant differences in species richness and abundance between the testacea of different reservoirs. Number of taxa was significantly higher in the Beli Lom (29 species and 12 genera) and Loznitsa (22 species and 13 genera). Most of the reservoirs - Kara Michal, Bogdantsi, Isperih, Lipnik and Brestovene have extremely poor fauna compared to other similar reservoirs. This is confirmed by the low values of the Shannon-Weaver diversity index, which varied between 1.04 and 2.396, as well as by the other indices used to assess the environmental conditions in the reservoirs. The data of the regression analysis showed that a relation between age, surface area and water volume of the reservoirs and the species richness and abundance of testacea is not established.

scholarly journals Relationship between lake area and distance from the city centre on lake-dependent resident and migratory birds in urban Bangalore, a tropical mega-city in Southern India

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi Jambhekar ◽  
Kulbhushansingh Suryawanshi ◽  
Harini Nagendra
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Southern India ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Bird Species Richness ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Abstract Urbanization is one of the major causes of biodiversity loss worldwide. Some species are able to adapt to urbanization, whereas others perish. Studies on long-term effects of the impact of urbanization on species diversity and abundance patterns are especially lacking from tropical cities. We seek to assess the relationship between urbanization and species richness of lake-dependent birds in Bangalore, a tropical mega-city in Southern India. We specifically ask: (i) How is bird species richness related to the size of the lake? (ii) How is bird species richness in Bangalore’s lakes related to the degree of urbanization? We used data from 2014 to 2019, collected from eBird—an online database that collates information on bird observations globally. Both lake area and distance from the city centre are correlated to species richness, with larger lakes supporting more bird species. As distance from the city centre increased (i.e. urbanization decreases), bird richness increased. Overall, in the city of Bangalore, migratory birds have declined while many lake-dependent resident birds seem to be increasing over the past 5 years. We hypothesize that birds that roost and nest in trees appear to be increasing. To confirm this, further research taking a trait-based approach is required. Urbanization appears to have species-specific impacts on lake-dependent birds in this tropical city, with certain groups of birds faring better than others. This research adds to the significant paucity of studies of the impact of urbanization on biodiversity in the urban tropics.

Potential impacts of fire and grazing in an endangered ecological community: plant composition and shrub and eucalypt regeneration in Cumberland Plain Woodland

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Hill ◽  
Kristine French
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Ecological Community ◽  
Plant Composition ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Canopy Species

Exclosure plots were used to determine the effect of fire and grazing on the structure of a grassy-woodland community. Eighteen months after fire and fence treatments were applied, the species richness, cover and composition of shrubs, trees, herbs and grasses were assessed and compared to pre-treatment censuses. Unburned plots had fewer shrub species and a lower abundance of shrubs, indicating the importance of fire in promoting regeneration of shrub species. Eucalypt species were more abundant and richer following the wildfire burn in summer, suggesting timing of fires is an important aspect in the establishment of the canopy species. Interactions between fire and grazing were found for the abundance of eucalypts (although weak) and resprouting eucalypts, suggesting a subtle interaction between fire and grazing shortly after fire. There was no effect of grazing and no interaction effect between fire and grazing on shrub species richness and abundance or tree species richness and seedling abundance.All plots showed a change in species composition despite treatment, and 46 species (32% of total richness) were recorded only in the final survey. The high rainfall during the 18-month study is likely to be an important factor in facilitating the establishment of species following all disturbances. This may have ameliorated the impact of grazing as abundant food was available throughout the woodland. The interaction between fire and grazing may be more important in structuring these grassy communities during periods of lower rainfall.

scholarly journals Impact of Horizontal Edge–Interior and Vertical Canopy–Understory Gradients on the Abundance and Diversity of Bark and Woodboring Beetles in Survey Traps

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Sweeney ◽  
Cory Hughes ◽  
Vincent Webster ◽  
Chantelle Kostanowicz ◽  
Reginald Webster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Field Trapping ◽  
Horizontal Edge ◽  
Forest Gaps ◽  
Forest Insects ◽  
Trap Location ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gradient Effects

Semiochemical-baited intercept traps are important tools used to collect information about the presence/absence and population dynamics of forest insects. The performance of these tools is influenced by trap location along both horizontal edge–interior and vertical understory–canopy gradients. Consequently, the development of survey and detection programs requires both the development of effective traps and semiochemical lures but also deployment protocols to guide their use. We used field trapping experiments to examine the impact of both horizontal edge–interior and vertical understory–canopy gradients and their interactions with the species richness and abundance of Buprestidae, Cerambycidae and Curculionidae. Both gradients had significant effects on the diversity and abundance of all three families collected in traps and the pattern of gradient effects differed between the two experiments. In the first experiment, traps were deployed along transects involving large (>100 m) forest gaps and in the second experiment traps transected small (ca. 15 m) forest gaps. These results were consistent with the idea that gradient effects on the abundance and diversity of these three families of forest Coleoptera are context dependent. The results of this study suggest that monitoring programs for bark and woodboring beetles should deploy traps at multiple locations along both vertical understory–canopy and horizontal edge–interior gradients.

scholarly journals The relative importance of wetland area versus habitat heterogeneity for promoting species richness and abundance of wetland birds in the Prairie Pothole Region, USA

The Condor ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa H Elliott ◽  
Lawrence D Igl ◽  
Douglas H Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Habitat Heterogeneity ◽  
Prairie Pothole Region ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Prairie Pothole ◽  
Wetland Area ◽  
Habitat Area ◽  
Landscape Scales ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance

Abstract Recent work has suggested that a tradeoff exists between habitat area and habitat heterogeneity, with a moderate amount of heterogeneity supporting greatest species richness. Support for this unimodal relationship has been mixed and has differed among habitats and taxa. We examined the relationship between habitat heterogeneity and species richness after accounting for habitat area in glacially formed wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region in the United States at both local and landscape scales. We tested for area–habitat heterogeneity tradeoffs in wetland bird species richness, the richness of groups of similar species, and in species’ abundances. We then identified the habitat relationships for individual species and the relative importance of wetland area vs. habitat heterogeneity and other wetland characteristics. We found that habitat area was the primary driver of species richness and abundance. Additional variation in richness and abundance could be explained by habitat heterogeneity or other wetland and landscape characteristics. Overall avian species richness responded unimodally to habitat heterogeneity, suggesting an area–heterogeneity tradeoff. Group richness and abundance metrics showed either unimodal or linear relationships with habitat heterogeneity. Habitat heterogeneity indices at local and landscape scales were important for some, but not all, species and avian groups. Both abundance of individual species and species richness of most avian groups were higher on publicly owned wetlands than on privately owned wetlands, on restored wetlands than natural wetlands, and on permanent wetlands than on wetlands of other classes. However, we found that all wetlands examined, regardless of ownership, restoration status, and wetland class, supported wetland-obligate birds. Thus, protection of all wetland types contributes to species conservation. Our results support conventional wisdom that protection of large wetlands is a priority but also indicate that maintaining habitat heterogeneity will enhance biodiversity and support higher populations of individual species.

scholarly journals Impact of Distance from the Forest Edge on The Wild Bee Diversity on the Northern Slope of Mount Slamet

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Imam Widhiono ◽  
Eming Sudiana
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Biology Education ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Northern Slope ◽  
Wild Bees ◽  
Wild Bee ◽  
Bee Diversity ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance

<p>In agricultural landscape in northern slope of Mount Slamet, diversity of wild bee species as pollinator depend on forested habitats. This study aimed to assess the effects of distance from the forest edge on the diversity of wild bees on strawberry and tomato crops. This study was conducted from July 2014 to October 2014. The experimental fields contained tomato and strawberry with a total area of 4 ha (2 ha each) and divided into five plots based on distance from the forest edge (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 m). Wild bee was catched with  kite netting  in 7.00 -9.00 in ten consecutive days. Wild bee diversity differed according to distance from the forest edge, the highest value was at 0 m for strawberry plots (H’ = 2.008, E = 0.72 and Chao1= 16) and for tomato plots, the highest diversity was at 50 m from the forest edge (H’ = 2.298, E = 0.95 and Chao1= 11) and the lowest was at 200 m in both plots. Wild bee species richness and abundance decreased with distance, resulting in the minimum diversity and abundance of wild bee at 200 m from forest edge in both crops.</p><p> </p><p><strong>How to Cite</strong></p><p>Widhiono, I., &amp; Sudiana, E. (2016). Impact of Distance from the Forest Edge on The Wild Bee Diversity on the Northern Slope of Mount Slamet. <em>Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology &amp; Biology Education</em>, 8(2), 148-154.</p>

Effect of the Weed Chrysanthemoides monilifera (Bitou Bush) on Bird Communities

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine French ◽  
Anita Zubovic
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Bird Communities ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
Site Use ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance ◽  
Foraging Guild ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Bitou Bush

Bird communities in native coastal woodland were compared with those in woodland infested with Chrysanthemoides monilifera rotundata (bitou bush) in order to determine the impact of infestations of this weed on birds. Little evidence was found to suggest that bitou bush negatively affected the bird communities as a whole. Overall, the total number of birds in each type of habitat did not differ while numbers of species differed only at one area. Weed infestations have a differential impact on foraging groups. Canopy-feeding generalists and understorey insectivores showed differences in abundance and species richness in a few areas, with greater numbers in weed sites than in native sites. Temporal variation in weed-site use was also evident for canopy foragers. For these groups, weed infestations are providing at least some resources, although the details of resource use need to be investigated further. Species richness and abundance of birds relying almost exclusively on plant material were negatively affected by weed infestations, indicating that this foraging guild may not be provided with adequate resources in weed-infested habitats. Similarly, although numbers were low, scavengers and raptors also showed lower abundances and species richness in weed-infested habitats. For these foraging groups, management programmes to rehabilitate weed-infested habitats are likely to have a positive effect on numbers.

“Land fever” and “Bankruptcy”: Social Problems in Hanoi’s Urbanizing Peri-urban Communities

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 550-562
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Urbanization Process ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact

Drawn upon field research in two peri-urban villages of Hanoi in 2014 and short re-visits recently, the research examines the widespread of gambling and other social issues in Hanoi’s urbanizing peri-urban communities which happened concurrently with the phenomenon of “land fever,” and at the time local villagers received compensation from land appropriation. The article aims to understand the impact of urbanization on these communities and the interface between urbanization and the increase of social problems. It argues that gambling, drug use, and other social problems have been existing in Vietnamese rural communities long before; however, when urbanization came, some people have higher chances to engage in these activities. Those are villagers who want to transform quickly into entrepreneurs or bosses by joining the “black credit” market and gambling. Together with middle-aged and old farmers who greatly relied on agricultural production and face difficulties in transforming their occupation, they formed the group of losers in the urbanization process. Received 6th January 2019; Revised 26th April 2019; Accepted 15th May 2019

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