scholarly journals Solar Eclipses and the Surface Properties of Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 15-43
Author(s):  
Elmar C. Fuchs ◽  
Gerrit Oudakker ◽  
Martin Justinek ◽  
Nigel Dyer ◽  
Jakob Woisetschläger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Solar Wind ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Water Interaction ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Reduced Water

Abstract During four solar eclipse events (two annular, one total and one partial) a correlation was observed between a change in water surface tension and the magnitude of the optical coverage. During one eclipse, evaporation experiments were carried out which showed a reduction in water evaporation at the same time as a rise in the surface tension. The changes did not occur on a day without a solar eclipse and are not correlated to changes in temperature, pressure, humidity of the environment. The effects are delayed by 20, 85, 30 and 37 min, respectively, compared to the maximum eclipse. Possible mechanisms responsible for this effect are presented, the most likely hypothesis being reduced water/muon interaction due to solar wind and cosmic radiation blocking during an eclipse. As an alternative hypotheses, we propose a novel neutrino/water interaction and overview of other, less likely mechanisms.

Sensing Changes of Surface Properties of Oxygen Nano-Bubbles in Water by the Ripplon Surface Laser-Light Scattering

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuma Ichikawa ◽  
Yu Nishimura ◽  
Yuji Nagasaka
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Light Scattering ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Laser Light ◽  
Laser Light Scattering ◽  
Ultrapure Water ◽  
Present Measurement ◽  
Closed Container ◽  
Surface Laser

Micro and nano-sized bubbles containing in water have been attracting increasing attention from wide variety of research fields because of their remarkable bioactive effects. Although many application studies have been conducted, the fundamental understanding such as existence and stability of especially nano-bubbles in water is still unsatisfactory. The purpose of the present study is to detect the changes of surface properties (surface tension and viscosity) of nano-bubbles in water by the newly developed ripplon surface laser-light scattering apparatus. The present measurement technique is able to detect nanometer-order-amplitude surface wave usually regarded as ripplons excited by thermal fluctuations. Because of this technique’s nanometer-order sensitivity to surface properties, the present apparatus has the potential to detect the possible presence of nano-bubbles in the vicinity of water surface. We have observed temporal change of surface tension and viscosity of ultrapure water containing oxygen nano-bubbles in a closed container by the ripplon surface laser-light scattering apparatus for 2 weeks. When the bubbles was generated for at least 90 minutes by using a micro and nano bubble generator, the apparent surface tension and viscosity of ultrapure water containing oxygen nano-bubbles was decreased up to about 23% and was increased up to about 270% relative to those of reference water, respectively. It can be speculated from the present experimental evidence that the nano-bubbles are existing in the vicinity of water surface in a closed container.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

scholarly journals Adsorption Properties of Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Surfactants Ternary Mixture at the Water-Air Interface

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4313
Author(s):  
Bronisław Jańczuk ◽  
Katarzyna Szymczyk ◽  
Anna Zdziennicka
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Standard Free Energy ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Free Energy Of Adsorption ◽  
Interface Tension ◽  
Air Interface ◽  
Surface Excess Concentration ◽  
Tail Water ◽  
Triton X

Measurements were made of the surface tension of the aqueous solutions of p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenoxypoly(ethylene glycols) having 10 oxyethylene groups in the molecule (Triton X-100, TX100) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) with Zonyl FSN-100 (FC6EO14, FC1) as well as with Zonyl FSO-100 (FC5EO10, FC2) ternary mixtures. The obtained results were compared to those provided by the Fainerman and Miller equation and to the values of the solution surface tension calculated, based on the contribution of a particular surfactant in the mixture to the reduction of water surface tension. The changes of the aqueous solution ternary surfactants mixture surface tension at the constant concentration of TX100 and CTAB mixture at which the water surface tension was reduced to 60 and 50 mN/m as a function of fluorocarbon surfactant concentration, were considered with regard to the composition of the mixed monolayer at the water-air interface. Next, this composition was applied for the calculation of the concentration of the particular surfactants in the monolayer using the Frumkin equation. On the other hand, the Gibbs surface excess concentration was determined only for the fluorocarbon surfactants. The tendency of the particular surfactants to adsorb at the water-air interface was discussed, based on the Gibbs standard free energy of adsorption which was determined using different methods. This energy was also deduced, based on the surfactant tail surface tension and tail-water interface tension.

Increasing Storage Modulus, Contact Angle and Surface Tension of Airway Mucus Increases Clearance by Simulated Cough Through a Model Trachea

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anpalaki J. Ragavan ◽  
Cahit A. Evrensel ◽  
Peter Krumpe
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Contact Angle ◽  
Storage Modulus ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Altered Surface ◽  
Human Trachea ◽  
Tension Increase ◽  
And Storage

Altered surface and viscoelastic material properties of mucus during respiratory diseases have a strong influence on its clearance by cilia and cough. Combined effects of the surface properties (contact angle and surface tension) and storage modulus with relatively unchanged viscosity on displacement of the simulated mucus aliquot during simulated cough through a model adult human trachea is investigated. For the mucus simulants used in this study contact angle and surface tension increase significantly as storage modulus increase while viscosity remains practically unchanged. Displacement of mucus simulant aliquots increased significantly with increasing storage modulus (and contact angle) at a given cough velocity in the range between 5 meters/second (m/s) and 30 m/s with duration 0.3 s. Results suggest that the interactive effects of elasticity and surface properties may help facilitate mucus displacement at low cough velocities.

Mechanically stable superhydrophobic nanostructured aluminum mesh with reduced water surface friction

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (19) ◽  
pp. 195302
Author(s):  
Ehsan Taghvaei ◽  
Neda Afzali ◽  
Nastaran Taghvaei ◽  
Ali Moosavi
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Surface Friction ◽  
Aluminum Mesh ◽  
Reduced Water

RATE OF EVAPORATION FROM A FREE-WATER SURFACE AS INFLUENCED BY EXPOSURE

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Carder
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
High Wind ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Wind Velocities ◽  
Rate Of Evaporation ◽  
Low Rate

In a 3-year free-water evaporation study, an evaporimeter tank in the open field lost 34.5 per cent more water than a tank sheltered by buildings and trees. Meteorological factors responsible for this difference appear to be high wind velocities and long daily periods of sunshine. Changes in temperature regime had no effect.Difference in evaporation from the two tanks led to examination of data obtained over 35 years from the sheltered tank. It was found that, although there was a progressive decrease in amount of evaporation over the years from this tank, rainfall at the same time had increased and that the effect of this increase on evaporation was roughly equal to that of all other factors affecting evaporation, such as a change in exposure, etc. Thus, the comparatively low rate of evaporation from the sheltered tank was undoubtedly due in part to the proximity of buildings and trees which had been established.

Pilgrim Trust Lecture, Molecular layers

1939 ◽  
Vol 170 (940) ◽  
pp. 1-39 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Critical Thickness ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Oily Contamination ◽  
Molecular Layers ◽  
Modern Work

If fragments of camphor are placed upon a clean water surface they move about vigorously and may even be made to propel toy boats. The late Lord Rayleigh (1890 a, 1890 c) found that these movements stopped rather abruptly if the surface tension of the water was lowered by 21 dynes/cm. by oily contamination of the surface. The amount of olive oil needed for this purpose was surprisingly small, corresponding to a thickness of only 16 A (16 x 10 -8 cm.). Miss Pockels (1891) proved that any amount of olive oil less than enough to give a critical thickness of about 10 A had no effect whatever on the surface tension of water, but above this limit the surface tension decreased rapidly as the amount of oil was increased. Only 5 g. of olive oil would be needed to cover an acre of water surface with a film of this critical thickness. Miss Pockels also showed that accidental contamination of the surface, which had previously complicated nearly all observations of surface-tension phenomena, could be eliminated by using a trough filled to the brim with water, and sweeping impurities off the surface by the motion of barriers which rested on the edges of the trough. This use of movable barriers to confine films, to compress them or to remove them from the surface, laid the foundation for nearly all the modern work with films on water. The early theories of surface tension had been developed by physicists (Thomas Young 1805; Laplace, Gauss, etc.) who either treated liquids as continuous fluids between whose elements of volume forces acted, or considered only spherical molecules which exerted upon one another forces that varied as a function of the distance between molecular centres. Such theories naturally could not take into account the wealth of knowledge that had been accumulated by organic chemists regarding the structures of organic molecules.

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