scholarly journals Capital requirements, risk-taking and welfare in a growing economy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Richard Agénor ◽  
Luiz A. Pereira da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Default Risk ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Financial Supervision ◽  
Capital Adequacy Ratio ◽  
Monitoring Effort ◽  
Growing Economy

AbstractThe effects of capital requirements on risk-taking and welfare are studied in an overlapping generations model of endogenous growth with banking, limited liability, and government guarantees. Capital producers face a choice between a safe technology and a risky, more productive but socially inefficient, technology. Bank risk-taking is endogenous. As a result of a skin in the game effect—motivated either as an aggregate externality, or as the outcome of the optimal choice of monitoring effort by individual banks—default risk is inversely related to the capital adequacy ratio. Numerical simulations show that in an equilibrium where banks extend both safe and risky loans, the skin in the game effect must be sufficiently strong for a welfare-maximizing regulatory policy to exist. These results remain qualitatively similar with endogenous monitoring costs and a strong effect of monitoring on entrepreneurial moral hazard. However, numerical experiments also suggest that the optimal capital adequacy ratio may be too high in practice and may require concomitantly a broadening of the perimeter of regulation and a strengthening of financial supervision to prevent disintermediation and distortions in financial markets.

Basel Capital Adequacy Ratio Standard in The Light of Islamic Law Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 308-317
Author(s):  
Adi Rahmanur Ibnu
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crises ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Minimum Capital ◽  
Capital Adequacy Ratio ◽  
Global Banking ◽  
Banking Development

Bank is one of the most important pillars of economy activities. However, banking sector has a real potential crisis threat. Alongside with the steady current global banking development, financial crises that have happened clearly affected global economy. Based on that situation, BIS (Bank for International Settlement) – an international financial standard setting organization, realizes the urgency to establishan international financial standard and supervision to anticipate future potential financial crises. This research aims to identify how Capital Adequacy Ratio Standard in Basel Capital Accord (II) based on Islamic law perspective. The research is conducted by analyzing Basel Capital Accord published by BIS. The research uses library research method to find out the aimed result. The focus is on the 1st pillar of Basel II publication that is Minimum Capital Requirements (CAR) policy. CAR, as an Islamic economics policy, will be analyzed using falāḥ approach. Falāḥ is an Islamic economics objective that consists of happiness, success, accomplishment or good luck concept. The earthly dimension of falāḥ has some parameters that can be used to analyze Islamic economics policy. Additionally, the Islamic fiqh maxim takes part in analyzing the policy. The maṣlaḥat concept in fiqh maxim approach shares aim with falāḥ concept in the sense that all of sharia law aims for success, happiness, eternal survival etc. The maṣlaḥat can be accomplished by extinguishing mafsadat or seizing maṣlaḥat. The maṣlaḥat aspect is essential to determine the compatibility Basel Capital Accord with jurisprudential maxim i.e harm must be dispelled (al-dharāru yuzāl). The conclusion results are, 1) Basel Capital Accord focuses on macro-prudential aspect in order to anticipate potential financial crises, 2) beneficial/interest (maṣlaḥat) aspects of the hereafter, cooperation principle, justice, fairness and the prohibition of exploitation are not the core value of Basel Capital Accord frame work, thus 3) the achievement of maslahat as intended by sharia i.e. jurisprudential maxim are not convincing. Therefore, 4) Basel Capital Accord as a regulation basis is not in line with jurisprudential maxim i.e harm must be dispelled (al-dharāru yuzāl).

scholarly journals PENGUATAN STRUKTUR MODAL SEBAGAI PEMENUHAN REGULASI DAN PENDUKUNG PENGEMBANGAN BISNIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
Tedi Setiawan ◽  
Jaja Suteja ◽  
Ellen Rusliati
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Banking Industry ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Capital Adequacy Ratio ◽  
The Impact

Decision on capital structure have an important role in determinig banking performance.This study aims to find alternative strategies for Bank X in fulfilling the capital requirements and to measure its the effectivities in order to reach the capital requirements of the Bank X to be in accordance with the regulations in 2018. The results of this study are expected to provide useful information related to the importance of strengthening the capital structure of the company, especially in the banking industry in order to maintain the continuity of business and to win in the market competition. The study was conducted at Bank X was located in Bandung. The research method used was survey with qualitative research approaches. While the type of research was explorative descriptive analysis. The results of the study was found three effective strategies to meet the capital needs of Bank X in 2018, namely asset revaluation, reduction in dividend payout ratio (DPR) and the issuance of subordinated bonds. These three strategies could improve Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR). while alternative simulations need to be carried out to determine the impact of the decision making.

scholarly journals THE NEW CAPITAL ADEQUACY FRAMEWORK (BASEL III) OPTIONS AND ISSUES IN COMMERCIAL BANKS OF LITHUANIA

Ekonomika ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 119-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filomena Jasevičienė ◽  
Daiva Jurkšaitytė
Keyword(s):  
Banking Regulation ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
System Stability ◽  
Basel Iii ◽  
Management Problem ◽  
Bank Capital ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Capital Adequacy Ratio ◽  
The World

Currently, banking is one of the most regulated activities in the world, because banks are the most important institutional units engaged in financial intermediation and affects not only the whole national economy of the country, but the global financial market as well. One of the key components of banking regulation are requirements expected for the bank capital, which prevent the bank from various unforeseen risks incurring substantial losses and are a sort of guarantee to maintain the financial system stability. For this reason, it is useful to find out what factors affect the capital adequacy ratio, and what measures the banks are going to take in order to meet the new capital requirements. The present research reveals the options of the implementation of the new system and the main problems faced by banks. The paper consists of four main parts: review of theory and literature, the research methodology of the factors influencing the capital adequacy, the study of factors influencing the capital adequacy ratio, and the capital adequacy management problem areas according to the Basel III requirements and conclusions.

scholarly journals Developing “best practices” for bankers’ pay in line with Basel III.

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiyi Yu ◽  
Jessica Hong Yang ◽  
Nada Kakabadse
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Incentive Compensation ◽  
Basel Iii ◽  
Bank Capital ◽  
Bank Executives ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

This paper proposes hybrid capital securities as a significant part of senior bank executive incentive compensation in light of Basel III, a new global regulatory standard on bank capital adequacy and liquidity agreed by the members of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The committee developed Basel III in a response to the deficiencies in financial regulation brought about by the global financial crisis. Basel III strengthens bank capital requirements and introduces new regulatory requirements on bank liquidity and bank leverage. The hybrid bank capital securities we propose for bank executives’ compensation are preferred shares and subordinated debt that the June 2004 Basel II regulatory framework recognised as other admissible forms of capital. The past two decades have witnessed dramatic increase in performance-related pay in the banking industry. Stakeholders such as shareholders, debtholders and regulators criticise traditional cash and equity-based compensation for encouraging bank executives’ excessive risk taking and short-termism, which has resulted in the failure of risk management in high profile banks during the global financial crisis. Paying compensation in the form of hybrid bank capital securities may align the interests of executives with those of stakeholders and help banks regain their reputation for prudence after years of aggressive risk-taking. Additionally, banks are desperately seeking to raise capital in order to bolster balance sheets damaged by the ongoing credit crisis. Tapping their own senior employees with large incentive compensation packages may be a viable additional source of capital that is politically acceptable in times of large-scale bailouts of the financial sector and economically wise as it aligns the interests of the executives with the need for a stable financial system.

scholarly journals Optimal Monetary and Prudential Policies

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrice Collard ◽  
Harris Dellas ◽  
Behzad Diba ◽  
Olivier Loisel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Deposit Insurance ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
Bank Capital ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
Recent Financial Crisis ◽  
The Interest Rate ◽  
Excessive Risk Taking

The recent financial crisis has highlighted the interconnectedness between macroeconomic and financial stability, raising questions about how to combine monetary and prudential policies. This paper characterizes the jointly optimal monetary and prudential policies, setting the interest rate and bank-capital requirements. The source of financial fragility is the socially excessive risk taking by banks due to limited liability and deposit insurance. We provide conditions under which locally (Ramsey) optimal policy dedicates the prudential instrument to preventing inefficient risk taking by banks, and the monetary instrument to dealing with the business cycle, with the two instruments covarying either negatively, or positively and countercyclically. (JEL E32, E43, E44, E52, G01, G21, G28)

Does capital adequacy ratio influence risk-taking behaviour of conventional and Islamic banks differently? Empirical evidence from dual banking system of Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1989-2015
Author(s):  
Rafik Harkati ◽  
Syed Musa Alhabshi ◽  
Salina Kassim
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Basel Iii ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Capital Adequacy Ratio

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of capital adequacy ratio (CAR) prescribed in Basel III on the risk-taking behaviour of Islamic and conventional commercial banks in Malaysia. It also investigates the claim that the risk-taking behaviour of Islamic banks (IBs) and conventional banks (CBs) managers is identically influenced by CAR. Design/methodology/approach Secondary data for all CBs operating in the Malaysian banking sector are gathered from FitchConnect database for the 2011–2017 period. Both dynamic ordinary least squares and generalised method of moments techniques are used to estimate a panel data of 43 commercial banks, namely, 17 IBs and 26 CBs. Findings The findings of this study lend support to the favourable influence of CAR set in Basel III accord on risk-taking behaviour of both types of banks. CBs appeared to be remarkably better off in terms of capital buffers. Evidence is established on the identicality of the risk-taking behaviour of IBs and CBs managers under CAR influence. Practical implications Even though a high CAR is observed to hamper risk-taking of banks, the findings may serve as a signal to regulators to be mindful of the implications of holding a high CAR. Similarly, managers may capitalise on the findings in terms of strategising for efficient use of the considerable capital buffers. Shareholders are also concerned about managers’ use of the considerable capital buffers. Originality/value This study is among a few studies that endeavoured to provide empirical evidence on the claim that IBs mimic the conduct of CBs in light of the influence of CAR prescribed in Basel III on risk-taking behaviour, particularly banks operating within the same banking environment.

scholarly journals Bank Soundness and Sustainability-Evidence From Middle East, Indian Sub-Continent and African Banks

IKONOMIKA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Abdul Razak Abdul Hadi1 ◽  
Tulus Suryanto ◽  
Eddy Yap Tat Hiung
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Risk Premium ◽  
Default Risk ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
Basel Committee ◽  
Capital Adequacy Ratio ◽  
Loan Growth

ABSTRACTThe study is carried out with the objective of examining the effects of bank’s liquidity (LR), non-performing loans (NPL), capital adequacy ratio (CAR), loan growth (FEXP) and default risk premium (FQL) on bank’s performance as measured by return on assets (ROA) within the framework of Basel Committee on Banking Supervision.The financial intermediation theory of banking is reexamined to see how the current banking supervision safeguards the interest of depositors.  Engaging pooled OLS as an estimation tool on 93 commercial banks in Middle East, Africa and Indian subcontinent over study period from 2009 through 2016, the findings reveal thatthere are significant relationships between bank’s performance and its liquidity plus loan growth.  Both ROA and FEXP are also found to be positively correlated.  Even though NPL and CAR do not have significant relationship with ROA, both are found to be negatively correlated with ROA.  Overall, the study has proven that liquidity and loan growth have pivotal roles in sustaining bank’s profitability over time.   Keywords: Bank’s Liquidity, Return on Assets,Capital Adequacy Ratio, Non-Performing Loans, Loan Growth, Static Panel Data, PooledOLS and Basel Committee on Banking Supervision.

scholarly journals THE DETERMINANT OF CREDIT RISK IN INDONESIAN ISLAMIC COMMERCIAL BANKS

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaser Taufik Syamlan ◽  
Wardatul Jannah
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Section Data ◽  
Capital Adequacy Ratio ◽  
Negative Effect

The credit risk in Islamic Banking rises significantly due to the escalation of non-performing financing. On the other hand, the asset growth of Islamic banks also not as explosive as happened in the year 2010 – 2014. This study aims to analyze the influence of bank size, leverage, bank ages, other competitor banks, Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) and Non-Performing Financing (NPF) on the level of risk-taking of Islamic banks in Indonesia. Risk-taking is peroxided by Financing Asset Ratio (FAR) which hasn’t been researched deeply by other researchers, especially in the Islamic banking industry. To measure the risk-taking, this research took cross-section data of Islamic banks in Indonesia from 2010 to 2017 which obtained from the financial reports of 5 full-fledged Islamic banks namely Bank Muamalat Indonesia, Bank Syariah Mandiri, Bank Syariah Mega Indonesia, Bank Syariah Bukopin, Bank Panin Syariah, Bank Rakyat Indonesia Syariah, Bank Central Asia Syariah, and Bank Negara Indonesia Syariah. This study uses a panel data regression method. The result shows that bank size and bank age have a significant positive effect on risk-taking. Leverage and other competitor banks have a significant negative effect on risk-taking, and CAR and NPF have a negative but insignificant effect. This study recommends that Islamic banks should try to diversify the risk by introducing the new product that is based on the Mudharabah Muqayyadah.==================================================================================================Determinan Risiko Kredit pada Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia. Risiko kredit dalam Perbankan Syariah meningkat secara signifikan seiring dengan meningkatnya pembiayaan bermasalah. Di sisi lain, pertumbuhan aset bank syariah juga tidak semasif yang terjadi antara tahun 2010 - 2014. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh ukuran bank, leverage, umur bank, bank pesaing lainnya, Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR)  dan Non Performing Financing (NPF) terhadap tingkat pengambilan risiko bank syariah di Indonesia. Pengambilan risiko dipengaruhi oleh Financing Asset Ratio (FAR) yang belum diteliti secara mendalam oleh peneliti lain terutama di industri perbankan syariah. Untuk mengukur pengambilan risiko, penelitian ini mengambil data cross-section bank syariah di Indonesia dari 2010 hingga 2017 yang diperoleh dari laporan keuangan lima Bank Umum Syariah yaitu Bank Muamalat Indonesia, Bank Syariah Mandiri, Bank Syariah Mega Indonesia, Bank Syariah Bukopin, Bank Panin Syariah, Bank Rakyat Indonesia Syariah, Bank Central Asia Syariah, dan Bank Negara Indonesia Syariah. Data untuk penelitian ini dianalisis dengan metode regresi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ukuran bank dan usia bank memiliki pengaruh positif yang signifikan terhadap pengambilan risiko, sementara leverage dan bank pesaing lainnya memiliki efek negatif yang signifikan terhadap pengambilan risiko. Dua variabel lain, yaitu CAR dan NPF memiliki pengaruh negatif tetapi tidak signifikan terhadap pengambilan risiko. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan agar bank syariah mencoba untuk mendiversifikasi risiko dengan memperkenalkan produk baru yang didasarkan pada Mudharabah Muqayyadah.

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