scholarly journals A New Approach to the Study of Tolerance: Conceptualizing and Measuring Acceptance, Respect, and Appreciation of Difference

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 897-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikael Hjerm ◽  
Maureen A. Eger ◽  
Andrea Bohman ◽  
Filip Fors Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Approach ◽  
A Value ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Cross National

Abstract Previous empirical research on tolerance suffers from a number of shortcomings, the most serious being the conceptual and operational conflation of (in)tolerance and prejudice. We design research to remedy this. First, we contribute to the literature by advancing research that distinguishes analytically between the two phenomena. We conceptualize tolerance as a value orientation towards difference. This definition—which is abstract and does not capture attitudes towards specific out-groups, ideas, or behaviors—allows for the analysis of tolerance within and between societies. Second, we improve the measurement of tolerance by developing survey items that are consistent with this conceptualization. We administer two surveys, one national (Sweden) and one cross-national (Australia, Denmark, Great Britain, Sweden, and the United States). Results from structural equation models show that tolerance is best understood as a three-dimensional concept, which includes acceptance of, respect for, and appreciation of difference. Analyses show that measures of tolerance have metric invariance across countries, and additional tests demonstrate convergent and discriminant validity. We also assess tolerance’s relationship to prejudice and find that only an appreciation of difference has the potential to reduce prejudice. We conclude that it is not only possible to measure tolerance in a way that is distinct from prejudice but also necessary if we are to understand the causes and consequences of tolerance.

Construct Validation of Hebrew Versions of Three Physical Self-Concept Measures: An Extended Multitrait-Multimethod Analysis

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert W. Marsh ◽  
Michael Bar-Eli ◽  
Sima Zach ◽  
Garry E. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Education Majors ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Physical Education Majors ◽  
Validity Criteria

This study extends support for the construct validity of the three strongest physical self-concept measures for 395 Israeli university students (60% women) aged 18 to 54, demonstrating a new extension of the multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) design that incorporates external validity criteria and a test of jingle-jangle fallacies. Structural equation models of this MTMM data confirmed the a priori 23-factor structure of the three instruments, and the convergent and discriminant validity of factors from each instrument in relation to those from the other instruments. There were few age effects, whereas gender differences were smaller than expected and stable over age. In support of the known-group-difference approach, physical education majors had systematically higher physical self-concepts than management majors. Relations of body image to self-concept factors supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the physical self-concept factors and the separation of body fat from physical appearance self-concepts, but having a more obese body was not significantly related to health self-concept or global self-esteem factors.

Assessing Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Influence Behavior Questionnaire

1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 923-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Blickle
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Peer Ratings ◽  
Rational Persuasion ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Influence Behavior

The purpose was to study convergent and discriminant validity of the 1997 Influence Behavior Questionnaire (short version) used to assess lateral attempts at influence. 479 German employees participated in a multitrait-multimethod study with nine trait measures (Rational Persuasion, Inspirational Appeal, Consultation, Ingratiation, Exchange, Personal Appeal, Coalition, Legitimating, Pressure) and two methods (self- and peer-ratings). Data, analyzed with incomplete structural equation models, supported scales' convergent but not discriminant validity of the influence scales.

Convergence of Agents' and Targets' Reports on Intraorganizational Influence Attempts1

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Blickle
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Model ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Rational Persuasion ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Formal Organizations ◽  
Influence Attempts ◽  
Inference Theory

Summary The object of the current study was to determine the convergent and discriminant validity of agents' and targets' reports on intraorganizational influence attempts with a structural equation model using latent state-trait analyses. To explain agent-target convergence, we linked the theory of formal organizations to Correspondent Inference Theory. Managers (agents) were asked to describe how they try to influence their boss, a coworker, and a subordinate. These targets also described how the agent tries to influence them. Both agents and targets rated four types of influence attempts twice within 2½ months, namely, rational persuasion, ingratiation, pressure, and upward appeals. In the multitrait-multimethod design, we analyzed 209 complete sets of questionnaires (one agent questionnaire, three target questionnaires, N = 836). The use of structural equation models in analyzing multitrait-multimethod matrices has often resulted in severe difficulties. In the present research, these problems were not encountered. On the whole, the agent-target convergence was low but significant.

scholarly journals Measuring Reading Progress in Second Grade

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Förster ◽  
Mathis Erichsen ◽  
Boris Forthmann
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Reading Tests ◽  
School Year ◽  
Standardized Reading Test ◽  
And Mathematics

Abstract. Learning progress assessments (LPA) are increasingly used by teachers to inform instructional decisions. This study presents evidence for the reliability, validity, and measurement invariance of a newly developed LPA for reading in Grade 2 (quop-L2 – quop Lesetest für zweite Klassen) that assesses the development of reading comprehension in German at the word, sentence, and text levels based on short, equivalent computer-based tests at three-week intervals. All tests were sufficiently reliable. The proposed three-dimensional structure was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis based on data from N = 1,913 second-grade students. In a subsample of n = 354 students, correlations between quop-L2 and a standardized reading test, teacher judgments, measures of intelligence, and mathematics provided evidence for quop-L2’s convergent and discriminant validity. The equivalent tests were strictly invariant over time. Most importantly, results of structural equation models showed that progress in the quop-L2 assessment at the sentence and text levels was related to growth in standardized reading tests assessed at the beginning and end of the school year. Thus, results indicate that quop-L2 can reliably and validly assess students’ actual reading performance and progress.

Measuring the experience of off-price fashion shopping: scale development and validation

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-475
Author(s):  
Gary Mortimer ◽  
Syed Muhammad Fazel-e-Hasan ◽  
Kathleen A. O’Donnell ◽  
Judi Strebel
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Retail Sector ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Repurchase Intentions ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Shopping Experience

Purpose Off-price fashion retailers are expected to dominate the retail sector over the next five years. Surprisingly, selling excess designer labels, in what some describe as a disorganized manner, appeals to certain shoppers who enjoy the “thrill of the hunt.” Recent research conceptualized consumers, whose motivation for, and outcomes from, fashion shopping set them apart from previously reported shopper types. Referred to as “Sport Shoppers,” they view fashion shopping as an achievement domain. The purpose of this paper is to quantify such shoppers through the development of a valid psychometric scale. Design/methodology/approach Four studies, comprising depth interviews and online surveys, across two countries were employed to develop a three-dimensional scale of the sport shopping experience. Factor analyses and structural equation modeling were used to analyze and test a theoretically hypothesized model. Findings Study 1 generated items aligned to the three theoretical dimensions of the sport shopping experience. Study 2 confirmed reliability and factor structure of the psychometric scale. Study 3 provides evidence of convergent and discriminant validity with previous shopper types. Finally, Study 4 demonstrates nomological validity through a theoretically hypothesized model of the sport shopping experience. Originality/value This is the first study to employ achievement goal theory in a consumer behavior context to delineate an emergent shopper type. The developed scale is the most comprehensive, multi-dimensional measure of the experience of this new consumer type. As such, it represents a valuable contribution to fashion retail and consumer behavior literature. The scale enables practitioners to quantify target markets and identify relationships to other factors, such as overall satisfaction and brand repurchase intentions.

A Behavioral-Analytic Model for Assessing Stress in Firefighters

2021 ◽  
pp. 014544552098613
Author(s):  
Bailee B. Schuhmann ◽  
Sarah N. Henderson ◽  
Ryan A. Black ◽  
Vincent B. Van Hasselt ◽  
Kristin Klimley Margres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Reduction ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fire Service ◽  
Analytic Model ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Internal Reliability ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Using Data

Research has documented a number of acute and chronic stressors unique to the fire service. Due to the rise in mental health concerns in firefighters, there has been increased awareness of the negative effects of unmanaged stress. The present study employed a behavioral-analytic model to construct a brief screening measure of stress for this population: the Firefighter Assessment of Stress Test (FAST). Psychometric properties of the FAST were evaluated using data from active-duty firefighters throughout the United States. Results indicated the FAST has good internal reliability ( α = 0.89), as well as good convergent and discriminant validity. Also, the factor structure of the FAST revealed three significant subscales reflective of stress associated with responding to calls, administrative difficulties, and being overworked. Scoring and interpretation guidelines were established to suggest when further assessment is warranted. The FAST offers a brief and valid method of self-assessment of current stress levels in firefighters. Information obtained from the FAST (i.e., overall stress level and domains) has the potential to facilitate more immediate identification and recognition of stress in firefighters than what has been possible to date. Moreover, heightened awareness of stress and its effects will hopefully culminate in expanded efforts directed toward stress reduction and intervention for firefighters and their families.

scholarly journals Measuring Forgiveness: Psychometric Properties of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale in the Spanish Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Karla Gallo-Giunzioni ◽  
María Prieto-Ursúa ◽  
Cristina Fernández-Belinchón ◽  
Octavio Luque-Reca
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Criterion Validity ◽  
Validity Evidence ◽  
Dispositional Forgiveness ◽  
Scale Reduction ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Acceptable Internal Consistency

Given the scarcity of instruments in Spanish to measure forgiveness, two studies were conducted in this population to obtain validity evidence of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), an instrument that measures dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. In the first study, 203 students (65% women) participated. After ensuring the linguistic adequacy and clarity of the wording of the items, a lack of congruence was found between the factors obtained in the exploratory factor analysis and the original theoretical structure of the HFS. A sample of 512 participants (63.9% women) attended the second study. This study aimed to analyze the construct validity of the HFS using confirmatory factor analysis through structural equation modelling and to explore convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity. Of the different factorial configurations tested (including the original), only a scale reduction to eight items, grouped into three factors, showed an appropriate fit. The HFS eight-item version also showed acceptable internal consistency, adequate convergent and discriminant validity, and criterion validity with respect to related variables. These findings suggest that the eight-item version of the HFS may be a valid and reliable tool for assessing forgiveness for self, others, and situations in Spanish adults.

Suicidal Ideation Among International Students: The Role of Cultural, Academic, and Interpersonal Factors

2021 ◽  
pp. 001100002110024
Author(s):  
Andrés E. Pérez Rojas ◽  
Na-Yeun Choi ◽  
Minji Yang ◽  
Theodore T. Bartholomew ◽  
Giovanna M. Pérez
Keyword(s):  
International Students ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Thwarted Belongingness ◽  
Perceived Burdensomeness ◽  
Using Data

We examined two structural equation models of international students’ suicidal ideation using data from 595 international students in two public universities in the United States. The models represented competing hypotheses about the relationships among discrimination, cross-cultural loss, academic distress, thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and suicidal ideation. The findings indicated there were direct, positive links between discrimination, cross-cultural loss, and academic distress to perceived burdensomeness; a direct, positive link between perceived burdensomeness and suicidal ideation; and indirect, positive links between discrimination, cross-cultural loss, and academic distress to suicidal ideation via perceived burdensomeness. The only predictors that related to thwarted belongingness were cross-cultural loss and academic distress, and there were no indirect links to suicidal ideation via thwarted belongingness. In fact, with all other variables in the model, thwarted belongingness was unrelated to suicidal ideation. Finally, academic distress was directly related to suicidal ideation. We discuss implications of the findings.

Common Method Bias in PLS-SEM

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ned Kock
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Common Method ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Common Method Bias ◽  
Validity Assessment ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Partial Least Squares Method ◽  
Method Bias

The author discusses common method bias in the context of structural equation modeling employing the partial least squares method (PLS-SEM). Two datasets were created through a Monte Carlo simulation to illustrate the discussion: one contaminated by common method bias, and the other not contaminated. A practical approach is presented for the identification of common method bias based on variance inflation factors generated via a full collinearity test. The author's discussion builds on an illustrative model in the field of e-collaboration, with outputs generated by the software WarpPLS. They demonstrate that the full collinearity test is successful in the identification of common method bias with a model that nevertheless passes standard convergent and discriminant validity assessment criteria based on a confirmation factor analysis.

scholarly journals Dynamic Capabilities and Competitive Advantage of Telecommunication Companies in Ghana. The Role of Innovation Capability

2021 ◽  
pp. 146-160
Author(s):  
Nana Esi Quagraine ◽  
Cai Li ◽  
Isaac Ahakwa ◽  
Nana Aba Quagraine
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Dynamic Capabilities ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Innovation Capability ◽  
Sustainable Performance ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Telecommunication Companies

This paper explored the link between dynamic capabilities, innovation capabilities, and competitive advantage of telecommunication companies in Ghana, considering a mediation interaction. Data were obtained from two hundred and fifty (250) employees from selected telecommunication companies in the Accra metropolis through simple random probability sampling. However, two hundred and forty-two (242) responses were deemed accurate and used in the analysis. Partial Least Squares (PLS) based on Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed in the analysis. From the findings, this study’s data met internal consistency reliability, convergent, and discriminant validity. Dynamic capabilities had a positive and significant impact on innovation capability and competitive advantage. Also, dynamic capabilities through innovation capability positively impacted competitive advantage and were statistically significant. Based on the findings, it’s recommended that organizations and managers consider both exploitation and exploration competencies in product development as both competencies influence various aspects of an organization’s competitive advantage, as this will help ensure organizations’ sustainable performance and thus remain competitive.

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