Deployment techniques in wireless sensor networks: a survey, classification, challenges, and future research issues

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 7333-7373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Priyadarshi ◽  
Bharat Gupta ◽  
Amulya Anurag
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Issues

scholarly journals Cluster-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 336 ◽  
pp. 04016
Author(s):  
Huanan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Cluster Formation ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Routing Technology ◽  
Cluster Based Routing

Routing technology at the network layer is pivotal in the architecture of wireless sensor networks. As an active branch of routing technology, cluster-based routing protocols excel in network topology management, energy minimization, data aggregation and so on. In this paper, cluster-based routing mechanisms for wireless sensor networks are analyzed. Cluster head selection, cluster formation and data transmission are three key techniques in cluster-based routing protocols. As viewed from the three techniques, recent representative cluster-based routing protocols are presented, and their characteristics and application areas are compared. Finally, the future research issues in this area are pointed out.

Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks

2014 ◽  
pp. 48-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farooq Alam ◽  
Zahooruddin ◽  
Ayaz Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks ◽  
Cognitive Radio Sensor Network ◽  
Core Issues

In this chapter, the authors provide a comprehensive review of spectrum sensing in cognitive radio sensor networks. Firstly, they focus on general techniques utilized for spectrum sensing in wireless sensor networks. To have good understanding of core issues of spectrum sensing, the authors then give a brief description of cognitive radio networks. Then they give a thorough description of the main techniques that can be helpful in doing spectrum sensing in cognitive radio sensor network. The authors conclude this chapter with open research issues and challenges that need to be addressed to provide efficient spectrum sensing in order to minimize the limitations in cognitive radio sensor networks.

scholarly journals Opportunities and Challenges for Error Control Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 504
Author(s):  
Rajan Kadel ◽  
Krishna Paudel ◽  
Deepani B. Guruge ◽  
Sharly J. Halder
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Error Correcting Codes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Asymmetric Structure ◽  
Design And Implementation

Error Correction Schemes (ECSs) significantly contribute to enhancing reliability and energy efficiency of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). This review paper offers an overview of the different types of ECS used in communication systems and a synopsis of the standards for WSN. We also discuss channels and network models for WSN as they are crucial for efficient ECS design and implementation. The literature review conducted on the proposed energy consumption and efficiency models for WSN indicates that existing research work has not considered Single Hop Asymmetric Structure (SHAS) with high performing Error Correcting Codes (ECCs). We present a review on proposed ECS for WSN based on three criteria: Forward Error Correction (FEC), adaptive error correction techniques, and other techniques. Based on our review work, we found that there are limited works on ECS design on a realistic network model i.e., a modified multi-hop WSN model. Finally, we offer future research challenges and opportunities on ECS design and implementation for WSN.

scholarly journals Hole Detection for Quantifying Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pearl Antil ◽  
Amita Malik
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Detection Algorithms ◽  
Coverage Hole ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Detection Schemes ◽  
Coverage Hole Detection ◽  
Hole Detection

Owing to random deployment, environmental factors, dynamic topology, and external attacks, emergence of holes in wireless sensor networks is inescapable. Hole is an area in sensor network around which sensors cease to sense or communicate due to drainage of battery or any fault, either temporary or permanent. Holes impair sensing and communication functions of network; thus their identification is a major concern. This paper discusses different types of holes and significance of hole detection in wireless sensor networks. Coverage hole detection schemes have been classified into three categories based on the type of information used by algorithms, computation model, and network dynamics for better understanding. Then, relative strengths and shortcomings of some of the existing coverage hole detection algorithms are discussed. The paper is concluded by highlighting various future research directions.

scholarly journals Data Collection in Studies on Internet of Things (IoT), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), and Sensor Cloud (SC): Similarities and Differences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ihsan Ali
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Efficient Data ◽  
Sensor Cloud

<div>Data collection is an essential part of sensor devices, particularly in such technologies Like Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor networks (WSN), and sensor cloud (SC). In recent years, various literature had been published in these research areas to propose different models, architectures, and contributions in the domains. Due to the importance of efficient data collection regarding reducing. energy consumption, latency, network lifetime, and general cost, a momentous literature volume has been published to facilitate data collection. Hence, review studies have been conducted on data collection in these domains in isolation. However, a lack of comprehensive review collectively identifies and analyzes the differences and similarities among the data collection proposals in IoT, WSN, and SC. The main objective of this research is to conduct a comprehensive survey to explore the current state, use cases, contributions, performance measures, evaluation measures, and architecture in the IoT, WSN, and SC research domains. The findings indicate that studies on data collection in IoT, WSN, and SC are relatively consistent with stable output in the last five years. Nine novel contributions are found with models, algorithms, and frameworks being the most utilized by the selected studies. In conclusion, key research challenges and future research directions have been identified and discussed.</div>

scholarly journals Data Collection in Studies on Internet of Things (IoT), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), and Sensor Cloud (SC): Similarities and Differences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ihsan Ali
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Efficient Data ◽  
Sensor Cloud

<div>Data collection is an essential part of sensor devices, particularly in such technologies Like Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor networks (WSN), and sensor cloud (SC). In recent years, various literature had been published in these research areas to propose different models, architectures, and contributions in the domains. Due to the importance of efficient data collection regarding reducing. energy consumption, latency, network lifetime, and general cost, a momentous literature volume has been published to facilitate data collection. Hence, review studies have been conducted on data collection in these domains in isolation. However, a lack of comprehensive review collectively identifies and analyzes the differences and similarities among the data collection proposals in IoT, WSN, and SC. The main objective of this research is to conduct a comprehensive survey to explore the current state, use cases, contributions, performance measures, evaluation measures, and architecture in the IoT, WSN, and SC research domains. The findings indicate that studies on data collection in IoT, WSN, and SC are relatively consistent with stable output in the last five years. Nine novel contributions are found with models, algorithms, and frameworks being the most utilized by the selected studies. In conclusion, key research challenges and future research directions have been identified and discussed.</div>

scholarly journals Trilateration based localization method using mobile anchor in wireless sensor networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
M.G. Kavitha ◽  
Vinoth Kumar Kalimuthu ◽  
T. Jayasankar
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Localization Algorithm ◽  
Localization Method ◽  
Coverage Ratio ◽  
Movement Trajectories ◽  
Mobile Anchor ◽  
Anchor Nodes

<p><span>Localization in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is essential in many applications like target tracking, military applications and environmental monitoring. Anchors which are equipped with global positioning system (GPS) facility are useful for finding the location information of nodes. These anchor nodes may be static or dynamic in nature. In this paper, we propose mobile anchors assisted localization algorithm based on regular hexagons in two-dimensional WSNs. We draw a conclusion that the number of anchor nodes greatly affect the performance of localization in a WSN. An optimal number of anchor nodes significantly reduces the localization error of unknown nodes and also guarantees that unknown nodes can obtain high localization accuracy. Because of the mobility of anchor nodes high volume of sensing region is covered with less period of time and hence the coverage ratio of the proposed algorithm increases. Number of communications also decreases for the reason that the system contains log<sub>e</sub> (n) number of anchor nodes which leads to less energy consumption at nodes. Simulation results show that our LUMAT algorithm significantly outperforms the localization method containing single anchor node in the network. Movement trajectories of mobile anchors should be designed dynamically or partially according to the observable environment or deployment situations to make full use of real-time information during localization. This is the future research issue in the area of mobile anchor assisted localization algorithm.</span></p>

scholarly journals An Overview Survey of Recent Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Al-Salti Faiza A. ◽  
Al-Zeidi Nasser M. ◽  
Day Khaled ◽  
Arafeh Bassel ◽  
Touzene Abderezak
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Underwater Environment ◽  
Open Research ◽  
Underwater Exploration

With the recent advances in underwater sensor devices and technologies, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) enable a variety of applications such as underwater exploration and monitoring, disaster prevention, and military surveillance and reconnaissance. However, these kinds of networks faces a number of challenges induced by the nature of the underwater environment and its influence on the physical media. Therefore, new routing protocols are proposed specifically for such networks to mitigate these challenges. This paper surveys some of the recent routing protocols for UWSNs. Specifically, the idea of each protocol is presented as well as its advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the presented protocols are classified into different categories. The paper is concluded with some open research issues.

Mitigation of Hot Spots on Wireless Sensor Networks

2012 ◽  
pp. 206-222
Author(s):  
Fernando Gielow ◽  
Michele Nogueira ◽  
Aldri Santos
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Traffic Pattern ◽  
Research Perspectives

The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has increased over the past years, supporting applications such as environmental monitoring, security systems, and multimedia streaming. These networks are characterized by a many-to-one traffic pattern. Hence, sensor nodes near to the sink have higher energy consumption, being prone to earlier deaths and failures. Those areas overloaded with high traffic rates are called Hot Spots, and their emergence creates and expands energy holes that compromise network lifetime and data delivery rates, and may result in disconnected areas. This chapter provides an overview of techniques to mitigate Hot Spot impacts, such as the uneven distribution of sensors, routes that balance energy consumption, sink mobility, and the use of unequal clustering. Further, it depicts the approach for achieving mitigation of sink centered Hot Spots. Finally, this chapter presents conclusions and future research perspectives.

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