scholarly journals Groundwater chemistry affected by trace elements (As, Mo, Ni, U and V) from a burning alum shale waste deposit, Kvarntorp, Sweden

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Åhlgren ◽  
Viktor Sjöberg ◽  
Bert Allard ◽  
Mattias Bäckström
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Black Shales ◽  
Alum Shale ◽  
Iron Nickel ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Pyrite Weathering ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Waste Deposit

AbstractWorldwide, black shales and shale waste are known to be a potential source of metals to the environment. This project demonstrates ongoing weathering and evaluates leaching processes at a 100-m-high shale waste deposit closed in the 1960s. Some deep parts of the deposit are still burning with temperatures exceeding 500 °C. To demonstrate ongoing weathering and leaching, analyses of groundwater and solid samples of shale and shale waste have been undertaken. Largest impact on groundwater quality was observed downstream the deposit, where elevated temperatures also indicate a direct impact from the burning waste deposit. Groundwater quality is largely controlled by pH and redox conditions (e.g., for arsenic, nickel, molybdenum, uranium and vanadium), and the mixture of different waste materials, including pyrite (acidic leachates) and carbonates (neutralizing and buffering pH). Analyses of shale waste from the deposit confirm the expected pyrite weathering with high concentrations of iron, nickel and uranium in the leachates. No general time trends could be distinguished for the groundwater quality from the monitoring in 2004–2019. This study has shown that black shale waste deposits can have a complex long-term impact on the surrounding environment.

SANICRO 31

Alloy Digest ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Petrochemical Industry ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Chromium Alloy ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Iron Nickel ◽  
Corrosion And Oxidation

Abstract SANDVIK SANICRO 31 is an iron-nickel-chromium alloy having good resistance to corrosion and oxidation and good mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. It is recommended for electrical sheathing, pyrometer tubes, equipment for heat treating and furnace tubes and other equipment in the petrochemical industry. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: SS-172. Producer or source: Sandvik.

Effect of Boron on the Groundwater Quality in Altai Region

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
Gennady Ya. Baryshnikov ◽  
Svetlana S. Slazhneva ◽  
Nina B. Maximovа ◽  
Petr V. Sotnikov
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Maximum Permissible Concentration ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Altai Region ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
General Complex ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Relationship

Boron (В) is widely spread in surface and ground waters. The article deals with the problem of drinking groundwater quality. Groundwater is the only source of water supply, in the most districts of the Altai Region. This suggests that the quality of groundwater is of great importance for the population of the region. Drinking water should be suitable for human consumption and for all household purposes. The main attention is focused on identifying the area of distribution B containing waters with the content exceeding the maximum permissible concentration (MPC). The relationship between В and dry residue (MCO) is analyzed. Crucial factors responsible for high В concentration have been identified. The general complex research of presence, distribution and sources of В inflow into groundwaters of the Altai Region are defined in the article. The relationship between the В content and the high incidence of people living in areas with a high В content has been revealed. It was found that high concentrations of В (more than 0.5 mg/l) correspond to the zone of brackish water distribution, which occupies almost the entire territory of the steppe Altai - Kulundinsko-Barnaul artesian basin. Their distribution coincides geographically with the distribution of В.

scholarly journals Estimating Release of Trace Elements from an Area with Historical Open Pit Mining of Alum Shale Using Mass Transport and Element/Sulfate Ratios Calculations

Environments ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Kristina Åhlgren ◽  
Viktor Sjöberg ◽  
Mattias Bäckström
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transport ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Open Pit Mining ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Metal Release ◽  
Alum Shale ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Western Lake ◽  
Pit Lakes ◽  
Waste Deposit

Alum shale was mined for oil and uranium production in Kvarntorp, Sweden, 1942–1966. Remnants such as pit lakes, exposed shale and a 100-meter-high waste deposit with a hot interior affect the surrounding environment, with elevated concentrations of, e.g., Mo, Ni and U in the recipient. Today most pit lakes are circumneutral while one of the lakes is still acidic. All pit lakes show signs of sulfide weathering with elevated sulfate concentrations. Mass transport calculations show that for elements such as uranium and molybdenum the western lake system (lake Söderhavet in particular) contributes the largest part. For sulfate, the two western lakes contribute with a quarter each, the eastern lake Norrtorpssjön about a third and a serpentine pond system receiving water from the waste deposit contributes around 17%. Except for a few elements (e.g., nickel 35%), the Serpentine system (including the waste deposit area) is not a very pronounced point source for metal release compared to the pit lakes. Estimates about future water runoff when the deposit has cooled down suggest only a slight increase in downstream water flow. There could possibly be first flush effects when previous hot areas have been reached by water.

The Evaluation of the Cracking Susceptibility of Alloy 718 in an Acidic Solution

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand Venkatesh ◽  
Ajit K. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Fracture Morphology ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Alloy 718 ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Nuclear Heat ◽  
Molybdenum Steel ◽  
Iron Nickel

An austenitic iron-nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel, known as Alloy 718 (N07718), has been investigated for its corrosion resistance in an aqueous environment relevant to the sulfur-iodine (S-I) process, proposed to generate hydrogen using nuclear heat. The slow-strain-rate (SSR) testing method was used to evaluate the cracking susceptibility of this alloy at ambient and elevated temperatures. A strain rate of 3.3 × 10−6 sec−1 was used in these tests. The localized corrosion behavior of this alloy was also evaluated by the cyclic potentiodynamic polarization technique. Further, the fracture morphology of the specimens used in SSR testing was determined by scanning electron microscopy.

“There Were Rapes!”: Sexual Assaults of African American Women and Children in Jim Crow

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 934-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Thompson-Miller ◽  
Leslie H. Picca
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
White Men ◽  
Sexual Assaults ◽  
American Women ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Long Term Impact

Using data from 92 interviews, this article examines the narratives of African Americans’ experiences as children and young adults during Jim Crow in the Southeast and Southwest. It gives voice to the realities of sexual assaults committed by ordinary White men who systematically terrorized African American families with impunity after the post-Reconstruction south until the 1960s. The interviewees discuss the short- and long-term impact of physical, mental, emotional, and sexual assaults in their communities. We discuss the top four prevalent themes that emerged related to sexual assault, specifically (a) the normalization of sexual assaults, (b) protective measures to avoid White violence, (c) the morality of African American women, and (d) the long-term consequences of assaults on children.

scholarly journals The Oxic Degradation of Sedimentary Organic Matter 1.4 Ga Constrains Atmospheric Oxygen Levels

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuichang Zhang ◽  
Xiaomei Wang ◽  
Huajian Wang ◽  
Emma U. Hammarlund ◽  
Jin Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Carbon Mineralization ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Black Shales ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
Iron Speciation ◽  
High Hydrogen ◽  
Oxygen Levels ◽  
Sedimentary Environments ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract. We studied sediments from the ca. 1400 million-year-old Xiamaling Formation from the northern China Block. The upper unit of this formation (unit 1) deposited mostly below storm wave base and contains alternating black and green-gray shales with very different geochemical characteristics. The black shales are enriched in redox sensitive trace metals, have high concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), high hydrogen index (HI) and iron speciation indicating deposition under anoxic, mostly euxinic, conditions. In contrast, the green-grey shales show no trace metal enrichments, low TOC, low HI and iron speciation consistent with an oxygenated depositional setting. Altogether, unit 1 displays alternations between oxic and anoxic depositional environments, and differences in carbon preservation consistent with observations from the modern ocean. We combined our TOC and HI index results to calculate the differences in carbon mineralization between the oxygenated and anoxic depositional environments. Through comparisons of these results with modern sedimentary environments, and by use of a simple diagenetic model, we conclude that carbon mineralization under oxygenated conditions at Xiamaling required a minimum of 4 % to 8 % of present-day oxygen levels (PAL). These oxygen levels are higher than estimates based on chromium isotopes and, furthermore, were likely sufficient for early animal respiration. Therefore, our results reinforce the idea that the environment contained enough oxygen for animals long before their evolution.

scholarly journals Constraints on microbial communities, decomposition and methane production in deep peat deposits

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.A. Kluber ◽  
E.R. Johnston ◽  
S.A. Allen ◽  
J.N. Hendershot ◽  
P.J. Hanson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Microbial Decomposition ◽  
Ombrotrophic Peatland ◽  
Peat Deposits ◽  
Global Soil ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
High Concentrations

AbstractPeatlands play outsized roles in the global carbon cycle. Despite occupying a rather small fraction of the terrestrial biosphere (∼3%), these ecosystems account for roughly one third of the global soil carbon pool. This carbon is largely comprised of undecomposed deposits of plant material (peat) that may be meters thick. The fate of this deep carbon stockpile with ongoing and future climate change is thus of great interest and has large potential to induce positive feedback to climate warming. Recent in situ warming of an ombrotrophic peatland indicated that the deep peat microbial communities and decomposition rates were resistant to elevated temperatures. In this experiment, we sought to understand how nutrient and pH limitations may interact with temperature to limit microbial activity and community composition. Anaerobic microcosms of peat collected from 1.5 to 2 meters in depth were incubated at 6°C and 15°C with elevated pH, nitrogen (NH4Cl), and/or phosphorus (KH2PO4) in a full factorial design. The production of CO2 and CH4 was significantly greater in microcosms incubated at 15°C, although the structure of the microbial community did not differ between the two temperatures. Increasing the pH from ∼3.5 to ∼5.5 altered microbial community structure, however increases in CH4 production were non-significant. Contrary to expectations, N and P additions did not increase CO2 and CH4 production, indicating that nutrient availability was not a primary constraint in microbial decomposition of deep peat. Our findings indicate that temperature is a key factor limiting the decomposition of deep peat, however other factors such as the availability of O2 or alternative electron donors and high concentrations of phenolic compounds, may also exert constraints. Continued experimental peat warming studies will be necessary to assess if the deep peat carbon bank is susceptible to increased temperatures over the longer time scales.

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