scholarly journals Small-scale on-site treatment of fecal matter: comparison of treatments for resource recovery and sanitization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariya E. Kelova ◽  
Aasim M. Ali ◽  
Susanne Eich-Greatorex ◽  
Peter Dörsch ◽  
Roland Kallenborn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Resource Recovery ◽  
Pharmaceutical Compounds ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fecal Indicators ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Fecal Matter ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Initial Substrate

AbstractOn-site small-scale sanitation is common in rural areas and areas without infrastructure, but the treatment of the collected fecal matter can be inefficient and is seldom directed to resource recovery. The aim of this study was to compare low-technology solutions such as composting and lactic acid fermentation (LAF) followed by vermicomposting in terms of treatment efficiency, potential human and environmental risks, and stabilization of the material for reuse in agriculture. A specific and novel focus of the study was the fate of native pharmaceutical compounds in the fecal matter. Composting, with and without the addition of biochar, was monitored by temperature and CO2 production and compared with LAF. All treatments were run at three different ambient temperatures (7, 20, and 38°C) and followed by vermicomposting at room temperature. Materials resulting from composting and LAF were analyzed for fecal indicators, physicochemical characteristics, and residues of ten commonly used pharmaceuticals and compared to the initial substrate. Vermicomposting was used as secondary treatment and assessed by enumeration of Escherichia coli, worm density, and physicochemical characteristics. Composting at 38°C induced the highest microbial activity and resulted in better stability of the treated material, higher N content, lower numbers of fecal indicators, and less pharmaceutical compounds as compared to LAF. Even though analysis of pH after LAF suggested incomplete fermentation, E. coli cell numbers were significantly lower in all LAF treatments compared to composting at 7°C, and some of the anionic pharmaceutical compounds were detected in lower concentrations. The addition of approximately 5 vol % biochar to the composting did not yield significant differences in measured parameters. Vermicomposting further stabilized the material, and the treatments previously composted at 7°C and 20°C had the highest worm density. These results suggest that in small-scale decentralized sanitary facilities, the ambient temperatures can significantly influence the treatment and the options for safe reuse of the material.

scholarly journals Correction to: Small-scale on-site treatment of fecal matter: comparison of treatments for resource recovery and sanitization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariya E. Kelova ◽  
Aasim M. Ali ◽  
Susanne Eich-Greatorex ◽  
Peter Dörsch ◽  
Roland Kallenborn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Recovery ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fecal Matter

scholarly journals SPEAR (Solar Pyrolysis Energy Access Reactor): Theoretical Design and Evaluation of a Small-Scale Low-Cost Pyrolysis Unit for Implementation in Rural Communities

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2189
Author(s):  
Cesare Caputo ◽  
Ondřej Mašek
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Tracking Error ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Pyrolysis Unit

Energy access and waste management are two of the most pressing developmental and environmental issues on a global level to help mitigate the accelerating impacts of climate change. They are particularly relevant in Sub–Saharan Africa where electrification rates are significantly below global averages and rural areas are lacking a formal waste management sector. This paper explores the potential of integrating solar energy into a biomass pyrolysis unit as a potentially synergetic solution to both issues. The full design of a slow pyrolysis batch reactor targeted at biochar production, following a strict cost minimization approach, is presented in light of the relevant considerations. SPEAR is powered using a Cassegrain optics parabolic dish system, integrated into the reactor via a manual tracking system and optically optimized with a Monte-Carlo ray tracing methodology. The design approach employed has led to the development an overall cost efficient system, with the potential to achieve optical efficiencies up 72% under a 1.5° tracking error. The outputs of the system are biochar and electricity, to be used for soil amendment and energy access purposes, respectively. There is potential to pyrolyze a number of agricultural waste streams for the region, producing at least 5 kg of biochar per unit per day depending on the feedstock employed. Financial assessment of SPEAR yields a positive Net Present Value (NPV) in nearly all scenarios evaluated and a reasonable competitiveness with small scale solar for electrification objectives. Finally, SPEAR presents important positive social and environmental externalities and should be feasibly implementable in the region in the near term.

scholarly journals Microbiological and Chemical Properties of Chokeberry Juice Fermented by Novel Lactic Acid Bacteria with Potential Probiotic Properties during Fermentation at 4 °C for 4 Weeks

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 768
Author(s):  
Christos Bontsidis ◽  
Athanasios Mallouchos ◽  
Antonia Terpou ◽  
Anastasios Nikolaou ◽  
Georgia Batra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Probiotic Properties ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Chokeberry Juice ◽  
Fermented Juice

On the frame of this research survey, a novel potentially probiotic strain (Lactobacillus paracasei SP5) recently isolated from kefir grains was evaluated for chokeberry juice fermentation. Chokeberry juice was retrieved from the variety Aronia melanocarpa, a plant known to provide small, dark berries and to be one of the richest sources of antioxidants. The juice was subsequently fermented inoculating L. paracasei SP5 for 48 h at 30 °C. The fermented juices were left at 4 °C and tested regarding microbiological and physicochemical characteristics for 4 weeks. The potentially probiotic strain was proved capable of performing lactic acid fermentation at 30 °C. Cell viability of L. paracasei was detected in high levels during fermentation and the whole storage period, while the fermented juice showed higher levels of viability in juice with 40.3 g/L of initial sugar concentration. No ethanol was detected in the final fermented juice. Fermented chokeberry juice was characterized by aromatic desirable volatiles, which were retained in adequate levels for the whole storage period. Specifically, the occurrence of organic esters detected in fermented juices is considered as positive evidence of the provision of fruity and floral notes to the final product. During storage, total phenolics content and antioxidant activity were observed in higher levels in fermented chokeberry juice compared with non-fermented juice. Subsequently, fermentation of chokeberry juice by potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria could provide high industrialization potential, providing the market with a nutritional beverage of good volatile quality with an enhanced shelf-life compared with an unfermented fresh juice.

SUBMERGED CITRIC ACID FERMENTATION OF SUGAR BEET MOLASSES: INCREASE IN SCALE

1955 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 299-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Steel ◽  
C. P. Lentz ◽  
S. M. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Aeration Rate ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Inoculum Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Beet Molasses ◽  
Initial Ph

Factors affecting the production of citric acid in the submerged fermentation of ferrocyanide-treated beet molasses by Aspergillus niger were studied in 2.5 and 36 liter fermenters. The small fermenters were used to determine the effects of changes in sterilization technique, phosphate supplement, ferrocyanide treatment, inoculum level, initial pH, fermentation temperature, and aeration rate. The relation between ferrocyanide concentration and inoculum level was also studied. Four different samples of molasses were fermented successfully. An average yield of 8.2% citric acid (64% conversion) was obtained from 51 small-scale fermentations. Comparable yields were obtained in the large fermenters under comparable conditions. Most of the information obtained with the small fermenters was applicable to the larger-scale fermenters, but in the latter the fermentation was significantly more stable. Aeration was the main problem in the scale-up and aeration rates approximately double those calculated on a fermenter cross-sectional area basis were required for comparable results in the large fermenters.

Reflections on Ecological and Environmental Construction of New Rural Program in Underdeveloped Areas

2011 ◽  
Vol 368-373 ◽  
pp. 3602-3606
Author(s):  
Ze Xin Li ◽  
Min Chen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
Underdeveloped Areas ◽  
Rural Program ◽  
Rural Construction ◽  
New Rural Construction

Underdeveloped rural areas have good but very vulnerable ecological environment, so the environment protection should be given priority in new rural construction. Based on the problems that rural areas have faced in ecological environment, some thoughts are given in this paper on ecological and environmental: ①To solve the conflicts between the development of rural economy and ecological environment protection, the development of eco-industry can be a key solution. ② For the point that people of underdeveloped areas live in scattered and small scale groups, which leads to difficulty in facility arrangements, some proposals are put forward on the construction of living environment in underdeveloped new rural areas.

scholarly journals Using network analysis to analyse the complex interaction of factors causing the failure of small-scale water infrastructure (SWI) in the rural areas of South Africa

Water SA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3 July) ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Sambo ◽  
A Senzanje ◽  
K Dhavu
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Water Services ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Technical Community ◽  
Drying Up

Some parts of the rural areas of South Africa are receiving water services below the legislative standards stipulated in the Water Services Act (1997) of South Africa. This is because small-scale water infrastructures (SWI), including standpipes, handpumps and windmills, are failing to supply adequate water in rural communities for various activities that enhance their livelihoods. This is due to technical, community, institutional, and environmental factors. Literature indicates that these factors are complex in nature. However, research on their complex interactions has been limited. Therefore, the complex interactions of the factors causing SWI failure were investigated and analysed in this study. A qualitative research approach was employed to investigate the factors that cause failure of SWI. The network approach combined with graph theory and the community structure method were used to generate a theme and domain network that allowed for a systematic analysis and interpretation of the causes of SWI failure in the study area. The major causes of failure identified include: (i) the use of a top-down approach to implement water projects in rural communities without consultation, (ii) sharing of SWI in high numbers due to the limited number of SWI available/functional, resulting in overloading and increased breakdowns, and (iii) drying up of water sources due to poor siting leading to vandalism of SWI. Overall, the causes of SWI failure are as a result of the complex interactions of different categories of factors. The theme and domain network is a powerful tool that can be used represent and analyse the complex interactions. It is therefore imperative for interventions aiming to improve rural water supply to analyse the complex interactions of the causes of SWI failure to understand the underlying problems at a level of a system, in order to propose suitable solutions.

Plasma Resource Recovery Technology: Converting Waste to Energy and Valuable Products

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Carabin ◽  
Gillian Holcroft
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Resource Recovery ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cruise Ship ◽  
Plasma Flame ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Technology

Plasma Resource Recovery (PRR) is a revolutionary technology that can treat virtually any type of waste by combining gasification with vitrification. Vitrification produces inert slag that can be used as a construction material. Gasification produces a fuel gas containing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2), used for cogeneration of electricity and steam. The plasma fired eductor which is the core technology of the PRR system is presently being used commercially on a cruise ship at a scale of 5 TPD. The capabilities of the PRR technology have been demonstrated in a pilot plant, at a rate of up to 2 TPD of various types of waste. Because of the high intensity of the plasma flame and the reduced amounts of gases produced in a gasification system, compared to traditional combustion systems, the PRR system is typically very compact. As such, the PRR technology opens the door for a decentralized, small scale approach to waste management.

Effect of dissolved oxygen conditions on nitrogen removal in continuously fed intermittent-aeration process with two tanks

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Hidaka ◽  
H. Yamada ◽  
M. Kawamura ◽  
H. Tsuno
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Aerobic Condition ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Intermittent Aeration ◽  
Solids Retention ◽  
Oxygen Conditions ◽  
Control Set ◽  
Aeration Process ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

In this study, an intermittent aeration type activated sludge process that is fed continuously is evaluated for nitrogen and organic carbon for facilities in rural areas, which are characterized by small scale, low loading rate and automatic operation. Anoxic and aerobic conditions can be regulated alternatively by intermittent aeration for biological nitrogen removal. It is proved that an intermittent aeration cycle of 90 min, with aeration/anoxic mixing periods of 25~30 min/65~60 min in Tank 1, and 30~45 min/60~45 min in Tank 2, and a DO control set at 0.6~1 mg/L during the aeration period are required for satisfactory treatment performance. Under these conditions, a stable effluent water quality with BOD ≤ 5 mg/L, CODMn ≤ 8 mg/L, Nitrogen ≤ 3 mgN/L, SS ≤ 5 mg/L and transparency ≥ 80 cm can be achieved. The solids retention time in aerobic condition was 10~25 d, which is sufficient for nitrification.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Micro and Small-Scale Industries Income: A Case Study on Coffee Processing Industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-148
Author(s):  
Lya Aklimawati ◽  
Djoko Soemarno ◽  
Surip Mawardi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Financial Incentive ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Industries ◽  
Small Scale Industries

Development the competitive industries primarily small firms ought to be realized for improving economic growth of a community. Small industries have an important role especially on income equity improvement in rural areas. The objective of this study was to assess industry players motivation for developing their business in coffee processing and also to analyze factors which influence business income focused on micro and small-scale coffee industries in Bondowoso District. Survey method was used in this study for collecting primary and secondary data. A number of respondents were 25 coffee industry players who be determined by judgement sampling method. Data were analyzed by descriptive and statistic method. Multiple linear regression was used in the suspected factors that affect small industries income. The results indicated that the main motivation of industry players in initiating and developing coffee business was financial incentive. Consecutively, indicators that may explain industry player’s motivation were expectation, motive and incentive. Micro and small-scale industries income was affected by raw material, marketing reach, technology and business experience. Meanwhile, micro and small-scale industries income was not affected by labor cost and source of capital.

scholarly journals PENGENTASAN KEMISKINAN MELALUI PEMBANGUNAN JARINGAN EKONOMI PEDESAAN (Sebagai Suatu Strategi)*

Populasi ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prijono Tjiptoherijanto
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Families ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Family Development ◽  
Small Scale Industry ◽  
Poor Families ◽  
National Family ◽  
National Family Planning ◽  
Poverty Elimination

Various policies have been implemented by Indonesian government in its efforts to eliminate poverty. This paper proposes BKKBN's (National Family Planning Coordinating Agency) attempts which stress on poverty elimination in non-backward area by way of prosperous family development through expanding rural economic network. The program is started with improving movement of "pride of village" through programs of Plaju (that of Harvesting, Processingand Selling), Pemaju (that of Packaging and Selling), and Penguja (that of Services entrepreneurs) followed by Takesra ( that of Savings for People's Prosperity) and Kukesra (that of Entrepreneurial Credit for Prosperous Family). Through the programs, rural families are expected to play roles in agribusiness and agrobusiness sectors, as well as in small-scale industry. With the benefit gotfrom the programs, it is then expexted that levels of families' income increase consequently, and number of poor families in rural areas can be eliminated.

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